Title |
Paradoxical Clinical Effect of Estrogen on Breast Cancer Risk: A “New” Biology of Estrogen-induced Apoptosis
|
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Published in |
Cancer Prevention Research, May 2011
|
DOI | 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0185 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
V. Craig Jordan, Leslie G. Ford |
Abstract |
Administration of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) decreases the incidence of breast cancer, as shown in a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) in 10,739 postmenopausal women with a prior hysterectomy. Although paradoxical because estrogen is recognized to stimulate breast cancer growth, laboratory data support a mechanism of estrogen-induced apoptosis under the correct environmental circumstances. Long-term antiestrogen treatment or estrogen deprivation causes the eventual development and evolution of antihormone resistance. Cell populations emerge with a vulnerability, as estrogen is no longer a survival signal but is an apoptotic trigger. The antitumor effect of ERT in estrogen-deprived postmenopausal women is consistent with laboratory models. |
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Country | Count | As % |
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United Kingdom | 8 | 47% |
United States | 3 | 18% |
Australia | 1 | 6% |
Greece | 1 | 6% |
France | 1 | 6% |
Unknown | 3 | 18% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 8 | 47% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 7 | 41% |
Scientists | 2 | 12% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Sri Lanka | 1 | 3% |
Unknown | 39 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 11 | 28% |
Student > Bachelor | 5 | 13% |
Student > Master | 4 | 10% |
Researcher | 4 | 10% |
Professor | 3 | 8% |
Other | 6 | 15% |
Unknown | 7 | 18% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 13 | 33% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 6 | 15% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 3 | 8% |
Neuroscience | 3 | 8% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 2 | 5% |
Other | 4 | 10% |
Unknown | 9 | 23% |