Title |
Biogenic gas nanostructures as ultrasonic molecular reporters
|
---|---|
Published in |
Nature Nanotechnology, March 2014
|
DOI | 10.1038/nnano.2014.32 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Mikhail G. Shapiro, Patrick W. Goodwill, Arkosnato Neogy, Melissa Yin, F. Stuart Foster, David V. Schaffer, Steven M. Conolly |
Abstract |
Ultrasound is among the most widely used non-invasive imaging modalities in biomedicine, but plays a surprisingly small role in molecular imaging due to a lack of suitable molecular reporters on the nanoscale. Here, we introduce a new class of reporters for ultrasound based on genetically encoded gas nanostructures from microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Gas vesicles are gas-filled protein-shelled compartments with typical widths of 45-250 nm and lengths of 100-600 nm that exclude water and are permeable to gas. We show that gas vesicles produce stable ultrasound contrast that is readily detected in vitro and in vivo, that their genetically encoded physical properties enable multiple modes of imaging, and that contrast enhancement through aggregation permits their use as molecular biosensors. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Switzerland | 1 | 20% |
United States | 1 | 20% |
Korea, Republic of | 1 | 20% |
Unknown | 2 | 40% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Scientists | 2 | 40% |
Members of the public | 2 | 40% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 20% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 2 | <1% |
Ireland | 1 | <1% |
Canada | 1 | <1% |
Japan | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 311 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 86 | 27% |
Researcher | 44 | 14% |
Student > Master | 38 | 12% |
Student > Bachelor | 37 | 12% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 15 | 5% |
Other | 37 | 12% |
Unknown | 60 | 19% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Engineering | 62 | 20% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 48 | 15% |
Chemistry | 40 | 13% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 38 | 12% |
Physics and Astronomy | 18 | 6% |
Other | 42 | 13% |
Unknown | 69 | 22% |