Title |
Attribution of global glacier mass loss to anthropogenic and natural causes
|
---|---|
Published in |
Science, August 2014
|
DOI | 10.1126/science.1254702 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Ben Marzeion, J Graham Cogley, Kristin Richter, David Parkes |
Abstract |
The ongoing global glacier retreat is affecting human societies by causing sea-level rise, changing seasonal water availability, and increasing geohazards. Melting glaciers are an icon of anthropogenic climate change. However, glacier response times are typically decades or longer, which implies that the present-day glacier retreat is a mixed response to past and current natural climate variability and current anthropogenic forcing. Here, we show that only 25 ± 35% of the global glacier mass loss during the period from 1851 to 2010 is attributable to anthropogenic causes. Nevertheless, the anthropogenic signal is detectable with high confidence in glacier mass balance observations during 1991 to 2010, and the anthropogenic fraction of global glacier mass loss during that period has increased to 69 ± 24%. |
X Demographics
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United Kingdom | 21 | 10% |
France | 16 | 7% |
Canada | 14 | 7% |
Spain | 6 | 3% |
Norway | 4 | 2% |
Sweden | 3 | 1% |
Germany | 3 | 1% |
Netherlands | 2 | <1% |
Other | 19 | 9% |
Unknown | 80 | 37% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 163 | 76% |
Scientists | 39 | 18% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 10 | 5% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 3 | 1% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 3 | <1% |
Germany | 2 | <1% |
Chile | 2 | <1% |
Nepal | 1 | <1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
Italy | 1 | <1% |
Ecuador | 1 | <1% |
Australia | 1 | <1% |
Netherlands | 1 | <1% |
Other | 8 | 2% |
Unknown | 422 | 95% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 97 | 22% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 83 | 19% |
Student > Master | 47 | 11% |
Student > Bachelor | 43 | 10% |
Professor | 24 | 5% |
Other | 67 | 15% |
Unknown | 82 | 19% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Earth and Planetary Sciences | 183 | 41% |
Environmental Science | 78 | 18% |
Engineering | 22 | 5% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 19 | 4% |
Social Sciences | 7 | 2% |
Other | 39 | 9% |
Unknown | 95 | 21% |