| Chapter title |
Analysis of Pro-inflammatory Cytokine and Type II Interferon Induction by Nanoparticles
|
|---|---|
| Chapter number | 15 |
| Book title |
Characterization of Nanoparticles Intended for Drug Delivery
|
| Published in |
Methods in molecular biology, January 2018
|
| DOI | 10.1007/978-1-4939-7352-1_15 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Book ISBNs |
978-1-4939-7350-7, 978-1-4939-7352-1
|
| Authors |
Timothy M. Potter, Barry W. Neun, Jamie C. Rodriguez, Anna N. Ilinskaya, Marina A. Dobrovolskaia, Potter, Timothy M., Neun, Barry W., Rodriguez, Jamie C., Ilinskaya, Anna N., Dobrovolskaia, Marina A. |
| Abstract |
Cytokines, chemokines, and interferons are released by the immune cells in response to cellular stress, damage and/or pathogens, and are widely used as biomarkers of inflammation. Certain levels of cytokines are needed to stimulate an immune response in applications such as vaccines or immunotherapy where immune stimulation is desired. However, undesirable elevation of cytokine levels, as may occur in response to a drug or a device, may lead to severe side effects such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome or cytokine storm. Therefore, preclinical evaluation of a test material's propensity to cause cytokine secretion by healthy immune cells is an important parameter for establishing its safety profile. Herein, we describe in vitro methods for analysis of cytokines, chemokines, and type II interferon in whole blood cultures derived from healthy donor volunteers. First, whole blood is incubated with controls and tested nanomaterials for 24 h. Then, culture supernatants are analyzed by ELISA to detect IL-1β, TNFα, IL-8, and IFNγ. The culture supernatants can also be analyzed for the presence of other biomarkers secreted by the immune cells. Such testing would require additional assays not covered in this chapter and/or optimization of the test procedure to include relevant positive controls and/or cell types. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 36 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 8 | 22% |
| Researcher | 7 | 19% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 3 | 8% |
| Other | 3 | 8% |
| Student > Postgraduate | 3 | 8% |
| Other | 7 | 19% |
| Unknown | 5 | 14% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 6 | 17% |
| Engineering | 4 | 11% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 3 | 8% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 3 | 8% |
| Chemistry | 2 | 6% |
| Other | 12 | 33% |
| Unknown | 6 | 17% |