Title |
Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs
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Published in |
Nature Communications, February 2018
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DOI | 10.1038/s41467-017-02774-9 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Mikhail Sofiev, James J. Winebrake, Lasse Johansson, Edward W. Carr, Marje Prank, Joana Soares, Julius Vira, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, James J. Corbett |
Abstract |
We evaluate public health and climate impacts of low-sulphur fuels in global shipping. Using high-resolution emissions inventories, integrated atmospheric models, and health risk functions, we assess ship-related PM2.5 pollution impacts in 2020 with and without the use of low-sulphur fuels. Cleaner marine fuels will reduce ship-related premature mortality and morbidity by 34 and 54%, respectively, representing a ~ 2.6% global reduction in PM2.5 cardiovascular and lung cancer deaths and a ~3.6% global reduction in childhood asthma. Despite these reductions, low-sulphur marine fuels will still account for ~250k deaths and ~6.4 M childhood asthma cases annually, and more stringent standards beyond 2020 may provide additional health benefits. Lower sulphur fuels also reduce radiative cooling from ship aerosols by ~80%, equating to a ~3% increase in current estimates of total anthropogenic forcing. Therefore, stronger international shipping policies may need to achieve climate and health targets by jointly reducing greenhouse gases and air pollution. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
France | 38 | 17% |
United States | 23 | 10% |
United Kingdom | 12 | 5% |
Netherlands | 7 | 3% |
Germany | 6 | 3% |
Canada | 2 | <1% |
Australia | 2 | <1% |
Finland | 2 | <1% |
Belgium | 2 | <1% |
Other | 17 | 8% |
Unknown | 109 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 194 | 88% |
Scientists | 15 | 7% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 9 | 4% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | <1% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 364 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 66 | 18% |
Student > Master | 52 | 14% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 47 | 13% |
Student > Bachelor | 29 | 8% |
Other | 15 | 4% |
Other | 43 | 12% |
Unknown | 112 | 31% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Environmental Science | 56 | 15% |
Engineering | 47 | 13% |
Earth and Planetary Sciences | 20 | 5% |
Energy | 12 | 3% |
Social Sciences | 12 | 3% |
Other | 72 | 20% |
Unknown | 145 | 40% |