TGF-β Signaling

Zhang, Long, Zhou, Fangfang, van Dinther, Maarten, Ten Dijke, Peter, Long Zhang, Fangfang Zhou, Maarten van Dinther, Peter ten Dijke, Dinther, Maarten van, Dijke, Peter ten, ten Dijke, Peter

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that signals via transmembrane TGF-β type I and type II serine/threonine kinases receptors, i.e., TβRI and TβRII. Upon TGF-β-induced receptor complex formation, the TβRII kinase phosphorylates TβRI. Subsequently, the activated TβRI induces the phosphorylation of receptor regulated SMAD2 and SMAD3, which can form heteromeric complexes with Smad4. These heteromeric SMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus, where they regulate target gene expression. The stability and membrane localization of TβRI is an important determinant to control the intensity and duration of TGF-β signaling. TβRI is targeted for poly-ubiquitylation-mediated proteasomal degradation by the SMAD7-SMURF E3 ligase complex. We recently identified another important regulatory factor that controls TβRI levels in the cell membrane. As a strong inducer of TGF-β signaling, ubiquitin-specific protease (USP) 4 was found to directly interact with TβRI and act as a deubiquitylating enzyme, thereby stabilizing TβRI levels at the plasma membrane. This chapter introduces methods for examining cell membrane receptor (TβRI) levels.