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Apoptosis induction associated with the ER stress response through up-regulation of JNK in HeLa cells by gambogic acid

Overview of attention for article published in BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, February 2015
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Title
Apoptosis induction associated with the ER stress response through up-regulation of JNK in HeLa cells by gambogic acid
Published in
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, February 2015
DOI 10.1186/s12906-015-0544-4
Pubmed ID
Authors

Aungkana Krajarng, Masaya Imoto, Etsu Tashiro, Takahiro Fujimaki, Satoko Shinjo, Ramida Watanapokasin

Abstract

Gambogic acid (GA) was extracted from the dried yellow resin of gamboge (Garcinia hanburyi) which is traditionally used as a coloring material for painting and cloth dying. Gamboge has been also used as a folk medicine for an internal purgative and externally infected wound. We focused on the mechanisms of apoptosis induction by GA through the unfold protein response (ER stress) in HeLa cells. The cytotoxic effect of GA against HeLa cells was determined by trypan blue exclusion assay. Markers of ER stress such as XBP-1, GRP78, CHOP, GADD34 and ERdj4 were analyzed by RT-PCR and Real-time RT-PCR. Cell morphological changes and apoptotic proteins were performed by Hoechst33342 staining and Western blotting technique. Our results indicated a time- and dose-dependent decrease of cell viability by GA. The ER stress induction is determined by the up-regulation of spliced XBP1 mRNA and activated GRP78, CHOP, GADD34 and ERdj4 expression. GA also induced cell morphological changes such as nuclear condensation, membrane blebbing and apoptotic body in Hela cells. Apoptosis cell death detected by increased DR5, caspase-8, -9, and -3 expression as well as increased cleaved-PARP, while decreased Bcl-2 upon GA treatment. In addition, phosphorylated JNK was up-regulated but phosphorylated ERK was down-regulated after exposure to GA. These results suggest that GA induce apoptosis associated with the ER stress response through up-regulation of p-JNK and down-regulation of p-ERK in HeLa cells.

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Mendeley readers

Mendeley readers

The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 44 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.

Geographical breakdown

Country Count As %
Colombia 1 2%
Kenya 1 2%
Unknown 42 95%

Demographic breakdown

Readers by professional status Count As %
Student > Ph. D. Student 13 30%
Student > Bachelor 7 16%
Student > Doctoral Student 5 11%
Researcher 4 9%
Student > Master 4 9%
Other 5 11%
Unknown 6 14%
Readers by discipline Count As %
Agricultural and Biological Sciences 9 20%
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 7 16%
Medicine and Dentistry 6 14%
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science 2 5%
Nursing and Health Professions 2 5%
Other 8 18%
Unknown 10 23%
Attention Score in Context

Attention Score in Context

This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 1. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 02 April 2015.
All research outputs
#18,405,265
of 22,797,621 outputs
Outputs from BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
#2,509
of 3,629 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#281,352
of 385,354 outputs
Outputs of similar age from BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
#49
of 65 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 22,797,621 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 11th percentile – i.e., 11% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 3,629 research outputs from this source. They typically receive more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 8.5. This one is in the 18th percentile – i.e., 18% of its peers scored the same or lower than it.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 385,354 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one is in the 15th percentile – i.e., 15% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.
We're also able to compare this research output to 65 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one is in the 16th percentile – i.e., 16% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.