Title |
Personal financial incentives for changing habitual health-related behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis
|
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Published in |
Preventive Medicine, April 2015
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DOI | 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.03.001 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Eleni Mantzari, Florian Vogt, Ian Shemilt, Yinghui Wei, Julian P.T. Higgins, Theresa M. Marteau |
Abstract |
Uncertainty remains about whether personal financial incentives could achieve sustained changes in health-related behaviours that would reduce the fast-growing global non-communicable disease burden. This review aims to estimate whether: i. financial incentives achieve sustained changes in smoking, eating, alcohol consumption and physical activity; ii. effectiveness is modified by (a) the target behaviour, (b) incentive value and attainment certainty, (c) recipients' deprivation level. Multiple sources were searched for trials offering adults financial incentives and assessing outcomes relating to pre-specified behaviours at a minimum of six months from baseline. Analyses included random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions grouped by timed endpoints. Of 24,265 unique identified articles, 34 were included in the analysis. Financial incentives increased behaviour-change, with effects sustained until 18months from baseline (OR: 1.53, 95% CI 1.05-2.23) and three months post-incentive removal (OR: 2.11, 95% CI 1.21-3.67). High deprivation increased incentive effects (OR: 2.17; 95% CI 1.22-3.85), but only at >6-12months from baseline. Other assessed variables did not independently modify effects at any time-point. Personal financial incentives can change habitual health-related behaviours and help reduce health inequalities. However, their role in reducing disease burden is potentially limited given current evidence that effects dissipate beyond three months post-incentive removal. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 28 | 31% |
United States | 12 | 13% |
Canada | 5 | 5% |
Australia | 3 | 3% |
Ireland | 1 | 1% |
Denmark | 1 | 1% |
France | 1 | 1% |
Netherlands | 1 | 1% |
Mexico | 1 | 1% |
Other | 1 | 1% |
Unknown | 37 | 41% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Scientists | 35 | 38% |
Members of the public | 34 | 37% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 21 | 23% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 1% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 3 | <1% |
United States | 2 | <1% |
France | 2 | <1% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
Netherlands | 1 | <1% |
Romania | 1 | <1% |
New Zealand | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 325 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 56 | 17% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 51 | 15% |
Student > Master | 49 | 15% |
Student > Bachelor | 33 | 10% |
Other | 17 | 5% |
Other | 55 | 16% |
Unknown | 75 | 22% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 58 | 17% |
Psychology | 47 | 14% |
Social Sciences | 36 | 11% |
Economics, Econometrics and Finance | 19 | 6% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 18 | 5% |
Other | 69 | 21% |
Unknown | 89 | 26% |