Title |
Migratory flyway and geographical distance are barriers to the gene flow of influenza virus among North American birds
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Published in |
Ecology Letters, October 2011
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DOI | 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01703.x |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Tommy Tsan‐Yuk Lam, S. Ip, Elodie Ghedin, David E. Wentworth, Rebecca A. Halpin, Timothy B. Stockwell, David J. Spiro, Robert J. Dusek, James B. Bortner, Jenny Hoskins, Bradley D. Bales, Dan R. Yparraguirre, Edward C. Holmes |
Abstract |
Despite the importance of migratory birds in the ecology and evolution of avian influenza virus (AIV), there is a lack of information on the patterns of AIV spread at the intra-continental scale. We applied a variety of statistical phylogeographic techniques to a plethora of viral genome sequence data to determine the strength, pattern and determinants of gene flow in AIV sampled from wild birds in North America. These analyses revealed a clear isolation-by-distance of AIV among sampling localities. In addition, we show that phylogeographic models incorporating information on the avian flyway of sampling proved a better fit to the observed sequence data than those specifying homogeneous or random rates of gene flow among localities. In sum, these data strongly suggest that the intra-continental spread of AIV by migratory birds is subject to major ecological barriers, including spatial distance and avian flyway. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 1 | 25% |
Unknown | 3 | 75% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 2 | 50% |
Scientists | 1 | 25% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 25% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 12 | 7% |
United Kingdom | 2 | 1% |
Japan | 2 | 1% |
Sweden | 1 | <1% |
Vietnam | 1 | <1% |
Denmark | 1 | <1% |
Italy | 1 | <1% |
Mexico | 1 | <1% |
Romania | 1 | <1% |
Other | 0 | 0% |
Unknown | 144 | 87% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 47 | 28% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 38 | 23% |
Student > Master | 18 | 11% |
Professor | 13 | 8% |
Student > Bachelor | 12 | 7% |
Other | 23 | 14% |
Unknown | 15 | 9% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 93 | 56% |
Environmental Science | 12 | 7% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 12 | 7% |
Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine | 8 | 5% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 8 | 5% |
Other | 14 | 8% |
Unknown | 19 | 11% |