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Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger

Overview of attention for article published in Physical Review Letters, February 2016
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Title
Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger
Published in
Physical Review Letters, February 2016
DOI 10.1103/physrevlett.116.061102
Pubmed ID
Authors

B P Abbott, R Abbott, T D Abbott, M R Abernathy, F Acernese, K Ackley, C Adams, T Adams, P Addesso, R X Adhikari, V B Adya, C Affeldt, M Agathos, K Agatsuma, N Aggarwal, O D Aguiar, L Aiello, A Ain, P Ajith, B Allen, A Allocca, P A Altin, S B Anderson, W G Anderson, K Arai, M A Arain, M C Araya, C C Arceneaux, J S Areeda, N Arnaud, K G Arun, S Ascenzi, G Ashton, M Ast, S M Aston, P Astone, P Aufmuth, C Aulbert, S Babak, P Bacon, M K M Bader, P T Baker, F Baldaccini, G Ballardin, S W Ballmer, J C Barayoga, S E Barclay, B C Barish, D Barker, F Barone, B Barr, L Barsotti, M Barsuglia, D Barta, J Bartlett, M A Barton, I Bartos, R Bassiri, A Basti, J C Batch, C Baune, V Bavigadda, M Bazzan, B Behnke, M Bejger, C Belczynski, A S Bell, C J Bell, B K Berger, J Bergman, G Bergmann, C P L Berry, D Bersanetti, A Bertolini, J Betzwieser, S Bhagwat, R Bhandare, I A Bilenko, G Billingsley, J Birch, R Birney, O Birnholtz, S Biscans, A Bisht, M Bitossi, C Biwer, M A Bizouard, J K Blackburn, C D Blair, D G Blair, R M Blair, S Bloemen, O Bock, T P Bodiya, M Boer, G Bogaert, C Bogan, A Bohe, P Bojtos, C Bond, F Bondu, R Bonnand, B A Boom, R Bork, V Boschi, S Bose, Y Bouffanais, A Bozzi, C Bradaschia, P R Brady, V B Braginsky, M Branchesi, J E Brau, T Briant, A Brillet, M Brinkmann, V Brisson, P Brockill, A F Brooks, D A Brown, D D Brown, N M Brown, C C Buchanan, A Buikema, T Bulik, H J Bulten, A Buonanno, D Buskulic, C Buy, R L Byer, M Cabero, L Cadonati, G Cagnoli, C Cahillane, J Calderón Bustillo, T Callister, E Calloni, J B Camp, K C Cannon, J Cao, C D Capano, E Capocasa, F Carbognani, S Caride, J Casanueva Diaz, C Casentini, S Caudill, M Cavaglià, F Cavalier, R Cavalieri, G Cella, C B Cepeda, L Cerboni Baiardi, G Cerretani, E Cesarini, R Chakraborty, T Chalermsongsak, S J Chamberlin, M Chan, S Chao, P Charlton, E Chassande-Mottin, H Y Chen, Y Chen, C Cheng, A Chincarini, A Chiummo, H S Cho, M Cho, J H Chow, N Christensen, Q Chu, S Chua, S Chung, G Ciani, F Clara, J A Clark, F Cleva, E Coccia, P-F Cohadon, A Colla, C G Collette, L Cominsky, M Constancio, A Conte, L Conti, D Cook, T R Corbitt, N Cornish, A Corsi, S Cortese, C A Costa, M W Coughlin, S B Coughlin, J-P Coulon, S T Countryman, P Couvares, E E Cowan, D M Coward, M J Cowart, D C Coyne, R Coyne, K Craig, J D E Creighton, T D Creighton, J Cripe, S G Crowder, A M Cruise, A Cumming, L Cunningham, E Cuoco, T Dal Canton, S L Danilishin, S D'Antonio, K Danzmann, N S Darman, C F Da Silva Costa, V Dattilo, I Dave, H P Daveloza, M Davier, G S Davies, E J Daw, R Day, S De, D DeBra, G Debreczeni, J Degallaix, M De Laurentis, S Deléglise, W Del Pozzo, T Denker, T Dent, H Dereli, V Dergachev, R T DeRosa, R De Rosa, R DeSalvo, S Dhurandhar, M C Díaz, L Di Fiore, M Di Giovanni, A Di Lieto, S Di Pace, I Di Palma, A Di Virgilio, G Dojcinoski, V Dolique, F Donovan, K L Dooley, S Doravari, R Douglas, T P Downes, M Drago, R W P Drever, J C Driggers, Z Du, M Ducrot, S E Dwyer, T B Edo, M C Edwards, A Effler, H-B Eggenstein, P Ehrens, J Eichholz, S S Eikenberry, W Engels, R C Essick, T Etzel, M Evans, T M Evans, R Everett, M Factourovich, V Fafone, H Fair, S Fairhurst, X Fan, Q Fang, S Farinon, B Farr, W M Farr, M Favata, M Fays, H Fehrmann, M M Fejer, D Feldbaum, I Ferrante, E C Ferreira, F Ferrini, F Fidecaro, L S Finn, I Fiori, D Fiorucci, R P Fisher, R Flaminio, M Fletcher, H Fong, J-D Fournier, S Franco, S Frasca, F Frasconi, M Frede, Z Frei, A Freise, R Frey, V Frey, T T Fricke, P Fritschel, V V Frolov, P Fulda, M Fyffe, H A G Gabbard, J R Gair, L Gammaitoni, S G Gaonkar, F Garufi, A Gatto, G Gaur, N Gehrels, G Gemme, B Gendre, E Genin, A Gennai, J George, L Gergely, V Germain, Abhirup Ghosh, Archisman Ghosh, S Ghosh, J A Giaime, K D Giardina, A Giazotto, K Gill, A Glaefke, J R Gleason, E Goetz, R Goetz, L Gondan, G González, J M Gonzalez Castro, A Gopakumar, N A Gordon, M L Gorodetsky, S E Gossan, M Gosselin, R Gouaty, C Graef, P B Graff, M Granata, A Grant, S Gras, C Gray, G Greco, A C Green, R J S Greenhalgh, P Groot, H Grote, S Grunewald, G M Guidi, X Guo, A Gupta, M K Gupta, K E Gushwa, E K Gustafson, R Gustafson, J J Hacker, B R Hall, E D Hall, G Hammond, M Haney, M M Hanke, J Hanks, C Hanna, M D Hannam, J Hanson, T Hardwick, J Harms, G M Harry, I W Harry, M J Hart, M T Hartman, C-J Haster, K Haughian, J Healy, J Heefner, A Heidmann, M C Heintze, G Heinzel, H Heitmann, P Hello, G Hemming, M Hendry, I S Heng, J Hennig, A W Heptonstall, M Heurs, S Hild, D Hoak, K A Hodge, D Hofman, S E Hollitt, K Holt, D E Holz, P Hopkins, D J Hosken, J Hough, E A Houston, E J Howell, Y M Hu, S Huang, E A Huerta, D Huet, B Hughey, S Husa, S H Huttner, T Huynh-Dinh, A Idrisy, N Indik, D R Ingram, R Inta, H N Isa, J-M Isac, M Isi, G Islas, T Isogai, B R Iyer, K Izumi, M B Jacobson, T Jacqmin, H Jang, K Jani, P Jaranowski, S Jawahar, F Jiménez-Forteza, W W Johnson, N K Johnson-McDaniel, D I Jones, R Jones, R J G Jonker, L Ju, K Haris, C V Kalaghatgi, V Kalogera, S Kandhasamy, G Kang, J B Kanner, S Karki, M Kasprzack, E Katsavounidis, W Katzman, S Kaufer, T Kaur, K Kawabe, F Kawazoe, F Kéfélian, M S Kehl, D Keitel, D B Kelley, W Kells, R Kennedy, D G Keppel, J S Key, A Khalaidovski, F Y Khalili, I Khan, S Khan, Z Khan, E A Khazanov, N Kijbunchoo, C Kim, J Kim, K Kim, Nam-Gyu Kim, Namjun Kim, Y-M Kim, E J King, P J King, D L Kinzel, J S Kissel, L Kleybolte, S Klimenko, S M Koehlenbeck, K Kokeyama, S Koley, V Kondrashov, A Kontos, S Koranda, M Korobko, W Z Korth, I Kowalska, D B Kozak, V Kringel, B Krishnan, A Królak, C Krueger, G Kuehn, P Kumar, R Kumar, L Kuo, A Kutynia, P Kwee, B D Lackey, M Landry, J Lange, B Lantz, P D Lasky, A Lazzarini, C Lazzaro, P Leaci, S Leavey, E O Lebigot, C H Lee, H K Lee, H M Lee, K Lee, A Lenon, M Leonardi, J R Leong, N Leroy, N Letendre, Y Levin, B M Levine, T G F Li, A Libson, T B Littenberg, N A Lockerbie, J Logue, A L Lombardi, L T London, J E Lord, M Lorenzini, V Loriette, M Lormand, G Losurdo, J D Lough, C O Lousto, G Lovelace, H Lück, A P Lundgren, J Luo, R Lynch, Y Ma, T MacDonald, B Machenschalk, M MacInnis, D M Macleod, F Magaña-Sandoval, R M Magee, M Mageswaran, E Majorana, I Maksimovic, V Malvezzi, N Man, I Mandel, V Mandic, V Mangano, G L Mansell, M Manske, M Mantovani, F Marchesoni, F Marion, S Márka, Z Márka, A S Markosyan, E Maros, F Martelli, L Martellini, I W Martin, R M Martin, D V Martynov, J N Marx, K Mason, A Masserot, T J Massinger, M Masso-Reid, F Matichard, L Matone, N Mavalvala, N Mazumder, G Mazzolo, R McCarthy, D E McClelland, S McCormick, S C McGuire, G McIntyre, J McIver, D J McManus, S T McWilliams, D Meacher, G D Meadors, J Meidam, A Melatos, G Mendell, D Mendoza-Gandara, R A Mercer, E Merilh, M Merzougui, S Meshkov, C Messenger, C Messick, P M Meyers, F Mezzani, H Miao, C Michel, H Middleton, E E Mikhailov, L Milano, J Miller, M Millhouse, Y Minenkov, J Ming, S Mirshekari, C Mishra, S Mitra, V P Mitrofanov, G Mitselmakher, R Mittleman, A Moggi, M Mohan, S R P Mohapatra, M Montani, B C Moore, C J Moore, D Moraru, G Moreno, S R Morriss, K Mossavi, B Mours, C M Mow-Lowry, C L Mueller, G Mueller, A W Muir, Arunava Mukherjee, D Mukherjee, S Mukherjee, N Mukund, A Mullavey, J Munch, D J Murphy, P G Murray, A Mytidis, I Nardecchia, L Naticchioni, R K Nayak, V Necula, K Nedkova, G Nelemans, M Neri, A Neunzert, G Newton, T T Nguyen, A B Nielsen, S Nissanke, A Nitz, F Nocera, D Nolting, M E N Normandin, L K Nuttall, J Oberling, E Ochsner, J O'Dell, E Oelker, G H Ogin, J J Oh, S H Oh, F Ohme, M Oliver, P Oppermann, Richard J Oram, B O'Reilly, R O'Shaughnessy, C D Ott, D J Ottaway, R S Ottens, H Overmier, B J Owen, A Pai, S A Pai, J R Palamos, O Palashov, C Palomba, A Pal-Singh, H Pan, Y Pan, C Pankow, F Pannarale, B C Pant, F Paoletti, A Paoli, M A Papa, H R Paris, W Parker, D Pascucci, A Pasqualetti, R Passaquieti, D Passuello, B Patricelli, Z Patrick, B L Pearlstone, M Pedraza, R Pedurand, L Pekowsky, A Pele, S Penn, A Perreca, H P Pfeiffer, M Phelps, O Piccinni, M Pichot, M Pickenpack, F Piergiovanni, V Pierro, G Pillant, L Pinard, I M Pinto, M Pitkin, J H Poeld, R Poggiani, P Popolizio, A Post, J Powell, J Prasad, V Predoi, S S Premachandra, T Prestegard, L R Price, M Prijatelj, M Principe, S Privitera, R Prix, G A Prodi, L Prokhorov, O Puncken, M Punturo, P Puppo, M Pürrer, H Qi, J Qin, V Quetschke, E A Quintero, R Quitzow-James, F J Raab, D S Rabeling, H Radkins, P Raffai, S Raja, M Rakhmanov, C R Ramet, P Rapagnani, V Raymond, M Razzano, V Re, J Read, C M Reed, T Regimbau, L Rei, S Reid, D H Reitze, H Rew, S D Reyes, F Ricci, K Riles, N A Robertson, R Robie, F Robinet, A Rocchi, L Rolland, J G Rollins, V J Roma, J D Romano, R Romano, G Romanov, J H Romie, D Rosińska, S Rowan, A Rüdiger, P Ruggi, K Ryan, S Sachdev, T Sadecki, L Sadeghian, L Salconi, M Saleem, F Salemi, A Samajdar, L Sammut, L M Sampson, E J Sanchez, V Sandberg, B Sandeen, G H Sanders, J R Sanders, B Sassolas, B S Sathyaprakash, P R Saulson, O Sauter, R L Savage, A Sawadsky, P Schale, R Schilling, J Schmidt, P Schmidt, R Schnabel, R M S Schofield, A Schönbeck, E Schreiber, D Schuette, B F Schutz, J Scott, S M Scott, D Sellers, A S Sengupta, D Sentenac, V Sequino, A Sergeev, G Serna, Y Setyawati, A Sevigny, D A Shaddock, T Shaffer, S Shah, M S Shahriar, M Shaltev, Z Shao, B Shapiro, P Shawhan, A Sheperd, D H Shoemaker, D M Shoemaker, K Siellez, X Siemens, D Sigg, A D Silva, D Simakov, A Singer, L P Singer, A Singh, R Singh, A Singhal, A M Sintes, B J J Slagmolen, J R Smith, M R Smith, N D Smith, R J E Smith, E J Son, B Sorazu, F Sorrentino, T Souradeep, A K Srivastava, A Staley, M Steinke, J Steinlechner, S Steinlechner, D Steinmeyer, B C Stephens, S P Stevenson, R Stone, K A Strain, N Straniero, G Stratta, N A Strauss, S Strigin, R Sturani, A L Stuver, T Z Summerscales, L Sun, P J Sutton, B L Swinkels, M J Szczepańczyk, M Tacca, D Talukder, D B Tanner, M Tápai, S P Tarabrin, A Taracchini, R Taylor, T Theeg, M P Thirugnanasambandam, E G Thomas, M Thomas, P Thomas, K A Thorne, K S Thorne, E Thrane, S Tiwari, V Tiwari, K V Tokmakov, C Tomlinson, M Tonelli, C V Torres, C I Torrie, D Töyrä, F Travasso, G Traylor, D Trifirò, M C Tringali, L Trozzo, M Tse, M Turconi, D Tuyenbayev, D Ugolini, C S Unnikrishnan, A L Urban, S A Usman, H Vahlbruch, G Vajente, G Valdes, M Vallisneri, N van Bakel, M van Beuzekom, J F J van den Brand, C Van Den Broeck, D C Vander-Hyde, L van der Schaaf, J V van Heijningen, A A van Veggel, M Vardaro, S Vass, M Vasúth, R Vaulin, A Vecchio, G Vedovato, J Veitch, P J Veitch, K Venkateswara, D Verkindt, F Vetrano, A Viceré, S Vinciguerra, D J Vine, J-Y Vinet, S Vitale, T Vo, H Vocca, C Vorvick, D Voss, W D Vousden, S P Vyatchanin, A R Wade, L E Wade, M Wade, S J Waldman, M Walker, L Wallace, S Walsh, G Wang, H Wang, M Wang, X Wang, Y Wang, H Ward, R L Ward, J Warner, M Was, B Weaver, L-W Wei, M Weinert, A J Weinstein, R Weiss, T Welborn, L Wen, P Weßels, T Westphal, K Wette, J T Whelan, S E Whitcomb, D J White, B F Whiting, K Wiesner, C Wilkinson, P A Willems, L Williams, R D Williams, A R Williamson, J L Willis, B Willke, M H Wimmer, L Winkelmann, W Winkler, C C Wipf, A G Wiseman, H Wittel, G Woan, J Worden, J L Wright, G Wu, J Yablon, I Yakushin, W Yam, H Yamamoto, C C Yancey, M J Yap, H Yu, M Yvert, A Zadrożny, L Zangrando, M Zanolin, J-P Zendri, M Zevin, F Zhang, L Zhang, M Zhang, Y Zhang, C Zhao, M Zhou, Z Zhou, X J Zhu, M E Zucker, S E Zuraw, J Zweizig

Abstract

On September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal. The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0×10^{-21}. It matches the waveform predicted by general relativity for the inspiral and merger of a pair of black holes and the ringdown of the resulting single black hole. The signal was observed with a matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 24 and a false alarm rate estimated to be less than 1 event per 203 000 years, equivalent to a significance greater than 5.1σ. The source lies at a luminosity distance of 410_{-180}^{+160}  Mpc corresponding to a redshift z=0.09_{-0.04}^{+0.03}. In the source frame, the initial black hole masses are 36_{-4}^{+5}M_{⊙} and 29_{-4}^{+4}M_{⊙}, and the final black hole mass is 62_{-4}^{+4}M_{⊙}, with 3.0_{-0.5}^{+0.5}M_{⊙}c^{2} radiated in gravitational waves. All uncertainties define 90% credible intervals. These observations demonstrate the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole systems. This is the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger.

X Demographics

X Demographics

The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 3,532 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Mendeley readers

Mendeley readers

The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 4,891 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.

Geographical breakdown

Country Count As %
United States 76 2%
Germany 40 <1%
United Kingdom 32 <1%
Japan 21 <1%
France 13 <1%
Italy 10 <1%
Canada 10 <1%
Spain 9 <1%
Sweden 9 <1%
Other 81 2%
Unknown 4590 94%

Demographic breakdown

Readers by professional status Count As %
Student > Ph. D. Student 1282 26%
Researcher 852 17%
Student > Master 618 13%
Student > Bachelor 480 10%
Student > Doctoral Student 233 5%
Other 727 15%
Unknown 699 14%
Readers by discipline Count As %
Physics and Astronomy 2719 56%
Engineering 379 8%
Chemistry 143 3%
Materials Science 133 3%
Agricultural and Biological Sciences 111 2%
Other 612 13%
Unknown 794 16%
Attention Score in Context

Attention Score in Context

This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 4706. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 13 March 2024.
All research outputs
#899
of 25,589,756 outputs
Outputs from Physical Review Letters
#1
of 40,339 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#4
of 411,133 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Physical Review Letters
#1
of 573 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,589,756 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 99th percentile: it's in the top 5% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 40,339 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 13.9. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 99% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 411,133 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 99% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 573 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 99% of its contemporaries.