Title |
Progression and metastasis of lung cancer
|
---|---|
Published in |
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, March 2016
|
DOI | 10.1007/s10555-016-9618-0 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Helmut H. Popper |
Abstract |
Metastasis in lung cancer is a multifaceted process. In this review, we will dissect the process in several isolated steps such as angiogenesis, hypoxia, circulation, and establishment of a metastatic focus. In reality, several of these processes overlap and occur even simultaneously, but such a presentation would be unreadable. Metastasis requires cell migration toward higher oxygen tension, which is based on changing the structure of the cell (epithelial-mesenchymal transition), orientation within the stroma and stroma interaction, and communication with the immune system to avoid attack. Once in the blood stream, cells have to survive trapping by the coagulation system, to survive shear stress in small blood vessels, and to find the right location for extravasation. Once outside in the metastatic locus, tumor cells have to learn the communication with the "foreign" stroma cells to establish vascular supply and again express molecules, which induce immune tolerance. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Italy | 1 | 20% |
United States | 1 | 20% |
Unknown | 3 | 60% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 3 | 60% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 20% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 20% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Pakistan | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 459 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 70 | 15% |
Student > Bachelor | 66 | 14% |
Student > Master | 58 | 13% |
Researcher | 29 | 6% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 22 | 5% |
Other | 49 | 11% |
Unknown | 166 | 36% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 90 | 20% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 56 | 12% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 32 | 7% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 21 | 5% |
Engineering | 19 | 4% |
Other | 59 | 13% |
Unknown | 183 | 40% |