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Learning in a simple biological system: a pilot study of classical conditioning of human macrophages in vitro

Overview of attention for article published in Behavioral and Brain Functions, November 2011
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Title
Learning in a simple biological system: a pilot study of classical conditioning of human macrophages in vitro
Published in
Behavioral and Brain Functions, November 2011
DOI 10.1186/1744-9081-7-47
Pubmed ID
Authors

Gustav Nilsonne, Alva Appelgren, John Axelsson, Mats Fredrikson, Mats Lekander

Abstract

Recent advances in cell biology and gene regulation suggest mechanisms whereby associative learning could be performed by single cells. Therefore, we explored a model of classical conditioning in human macrophages in vitro. In macrophage cultures, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; unconditioned stimulus) was paired once with streptomycin (conditioned stimulus). Secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was used as response measure. At evocation, conditioning was not observed. Levels of IL-6 were higher only in those cultures that had been exposed to LPS in the learning phase (p's < .05), regardless whether they received the conditioned stimulus or not at evocation.However, habituation was evident, with a 62% loss of the IL-6 response after three LPS presentations (p < .001). If further experiments confirm that simple learning can occur in immune cells, this may have bearings not only on immune regulation, but also on the brain response to molecular signals detected in the periphery. Importantly, whether capacities for simple learning in single cells extend beyond habituation, and how this would be demonstrated, remain open questions.

X Demographics

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The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 3 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Mendeley readers

Mendeley readers

The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 45 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.

Geographical breakdown

Country Count As %
United States 2 4%
Spain 1 2%
United Kingdom 1 2%
Unknown 41 91%

Demographic breakdown

Readers by professional status Count As %
Student > Ph. D. Student 13 29%
Researcher 8 18%
Student > Master 7 16%
Student > Bachelor 3 7%
Professor > Associate Professor 3 7%
Other 5 11%
Unknown 6 13%
Readers by discipline Count As %
Agricultural and Biological Sciences 18 40%
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 6 13%
Psychology 6 13%
Neuroscience 2 4%
Social Sciences 1 2%
Other 3 7%
Unknown 9 20%
Attention Score in Context

Attention Score in Context

This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 2. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 29 January 2023.
All research outputs
#15,262,345
of 24,220,739 outputs
Outputs from Behavioral and Brain Functions
#216
of 403 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#160,708
of 246,037 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Behavioral and Brain Functions
#11
of 20 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 24,220,739 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 34th percentile – i.e., 34% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 403 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 10.5. This one is in the 41st percentile – i.e., 41% of its peers scored the same or lower than it.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 246,037 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one is in the 33rd percentile – i.e., 33% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.
We're also able to compare this research output to 20 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one is in the 40th percentile – i.e., 40% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.