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Volatile-organic molecular characterization of shale-oil produced water from the Permian Basin

Overview of attention for article published in Chemosphere, January 2016
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Title
Volatile-organic molecular characterization of shale-oil produced water from the Permian Basin
Published in
Chemosphere, January 2016
DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.116
Pubmed ID
Authors

Naima A. Khan, Mark Engle, Barry Dungan, F.Omar Holguin, Pei Xu, Kenneth C. Carroll

Abstract

Growth in unconventional oil and gas has spurred concerns on environmental impact and interest in beneficial uses of produced water (PW), especially in arid regions such as the Permian Basin, the largest U.S. tight-oil producer. To evaluate environmental impact, treatment, and reuse potential, there is a need to characterize the compositional variability of PW. Although hydraulic fracturing has caused a significant increase in shale-oil production, there are no high-resolution organic composition data for the shale-oil PW from the Permian Basin or other shale-oil plays (Eagle Ford, Bakken, etc.). PW was collected from shale-oil wells in the Midland sub-basin of the Permian Basin. Molecular characterization was conducted using high-resolution solid phase micro extraction gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Approximately 1400 compounds were identified, and 327 compounds had a >70% library match. PW contained alkane, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), alkyl benzenes, propyl-benzene, and naphthalene. PW also contained heteroatomic compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. 3D van Krevelen and double bond equivalence versus carbon number analyses were used to evaluate molecular variability. Source composition, as well as solubility, controlled the distribution of volatile compounds found in shale-oil PW. The salinity also increased with depth, ranging from 105 to 162 g/L total dissolved solids. These data fill a gap for shale-oil PW composition, the associated petroleomics plots provide a fingerprinting framework, and the results for the Permian shale-oil PW suggest that partial treatment of suspended solids and organics would support some beneficial uses such as onsite reuse and bio-energy production.

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Mendeley readers

Mendeley readers

The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 117 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.

Geographical breakdown

Country Count As %
Canada 1 <1%
Unknown 116 99%

Demographic breakdown

Readers by professional status Count As %
Student > Ph. D. Student 25 21%
Researcher 18 15%
Student > Master 18 15%
Student > Bachelor 9 8%
Student > Doctoral Student 7 6%
Other 14 12%
Unknown 26 22%
Readers by discipline Count As %
Engineering 25 21%
Chemical Engineering 16 14%
Chemistry 16 14%
Environmental Science 11 9%
Earth and Planetary Sciences 4 3%
Other 16 14%
Unknown 29 25%
Attention Score in Context

Attention Score in Context

This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 1. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 20 April 2016.
All research outputs
#17,286,379
of 25,374,647 outputs
Outputs from Chemosphere
#8,156
of 13,455 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#244,806
of 403,260 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Chemosphere
#43
of 112 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,374,647 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 21st percentile – i.e., 21% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 13,455 research outputs from this source. They receive a mean Attention Score of 4.6. This one is in the 28th percentile – i.e., 28% of its peers scored the same or lower than it.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 403,260 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one is in the 30th percentile – i.e., 30% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.
We're also able to compare this research output to 112 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one is in the 48th percentile – i.e., 48% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.