Fundamentals of Layout Design for Electronic Circuits

Back end of line

The back end of line (BEOL) is the second portion of IC fabrication where the individual devices (transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc.) get interconnected with…

Back end of line

After the last front-end-of-line (FEOL) step, the wafer contains isolated transistors (without any wires).

Front end of line

The front-end-of-line (FEOL) is the first portion of IC fabrication where the individual components (transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc.) are patterned in the…

Front end of line

The front-end-of-line (FEOL) is the first portion of IC fabrication where the individual components (transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc.) are patterned in the…