Title |
Long-Term Ecosystem Response to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
|
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Published in |
Science, December 2003
|
DOI | 10.1126/science.1084282 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Charles H. Peterson, Stanley D. Rice, Jeffrey W. Short, Daniel Esler, James L. Bodkin, Brenda E. Ballachey, David B. Irons |
Abstract |
The ecosystem response to the 1989 spill of oil from the Exxon Valdez into Prince William Sound, Alaska, shows that current practices for assessing ecological risks of oil in the oceans and, by extension, other toxic sources should be changed. Previously, it was assumed that impacts to populations derive almost exclusively from acute mortality. However, in the Alaskan coastal ecosystem, unexpected persistence of toxic subsurface oil and chronic exposures, even at sublethal levels, have continued to affect wildlife. Delayed population reductions and cascades of indirect effects postponed recovery. Development of ecosystem-based toxicology is required to understand and ultimately predict chronic, delayed, and indirect long-term risks and impacts. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 26 | 2% |
Norway | 5 | <1% |
Brazil | 5 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 4 | <1% |
Germany | 3 | <1% |
Portugal | 3 | <1% |
Spain | 3 | <1% |
Canada | 3 | <1% |
Mexico | 2 | <1% |
Other | 18 | 1% |
Unknown | 1131 | 94% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 204 | 17% |
Researcher | 200 | 17% |
Student > Master | 198 | 16% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 187 | 16% |
Other | 54 | 4% |
Other | 168 | 14% |
Unknown | 192 | 16% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 395 | 33% |
Environmental Science | 234 | 19% |
Engineering | 65 | 5% |
Earth and Planetary Sciences | 59 | 5% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 39 | 3% |
Other | 161 | 13% |
Unknown | 250 | 21% |