Title |
Facial Disfigurement and Identity: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Facial Transplantation
|
---|---|
Published in |
The AMA Journal of Ethic, April 2018
|
DOI | 10.1001/journalofethics.2018.20.4.peer1-1804 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
William J Rifkin, Rami S Kantar, Safi Ali-Khan, Natalie M Plana, J Rodrigo Diaz-Siso, Manos Tsakiris, Eduardo D Rodriguez |
Abstract |
Facial disfigurement can significantly affect personal identity and access to social roles. Although conventional reconstruction can have positive effects with respect to identity, these procedures are often inadequate for more severe facial defects. In these cases, facial transplantation (FT) offers patients a viable reconstructive option. However, FT's effect on personal identity has been less well examined, and ethical questions remain regarding the psychosocial ramifications of the procedure. This article reviews the literature on the different roles of the face as well as psychological and social effects of facial disfigurement. The effects of facial reconstruction on personal identity are also reviewed with an emphasis on orthognathic, cleft, and head and neck surgery. Finally, FT is considered in this context, and future directions for research are explored. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 5 | 28% |
United Kingdom | 2 | 11% |
South Africa | 1 | 6% |
Germany | 1 | 6% |
Japan | 1 | 6% |
Oman | 1 | 6% |
Netherlands | 1 | 6% |
Unknown | 6 | 33% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 11 | 61% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 4 | 22% |
Scientists | 3 | 17% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 51 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 7 | 14% |
Researcher | 5 | 10% |
Other | 5 | 10% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 4 | 8% |
Student > Master | 4 | 8% |
Other | 8 | 16% |
Unknown | 18 | 35% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 16 | 31% |
Psychology | 5 | 10% |
Unspecified | 3 | 6% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 2 | 4% |
Arts and Humanities | 1 | 2% |
Other | 4 | 8% |
Unknown | 20 | 39% |