Title |
Chromium Exposure and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in High Cardiovascular Risk Subjects ― Nested Case-Control Study in the Prevention With Mediterranean Diet (PREDIMED) Study ―
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Published in |
Circulation Journal, April 2017
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DOI | 10.1253/circj.cj-17-0032 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Mario Gutiérrez-Bedmar, Miguel Ángel Martínez-González, Carlos Muñoz-Bravo, Miguel Ruiz-Canela, Alberto Mariscal, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Ramón Estruch, Dolores Corella, Fernando Arós, Monserrat Fito, José Lapetra, Lluís Serra-Majem, Xavier Pintó, Ángel Alonso-Gómez, Olga Portoles, Miquel Fiol, Mónica Bulló, Olga Castañer, Emilio Ros, Enrique Gómez-Gracia |
Abstract |
Epidemiological data on chromium (Cr) exposure and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are still limited. Toenail Cr level (TCL) provides a time-integrated measure reflecting long-term Cr exposure. We measured TCL to assess the hypothesis that long-term Cr exposure was inversely associated with incident CVD in a population at high risk for CVD.Methods and Results:The associations between TCL and CVD were evaluated in a case-control study nested within the "PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea" (PREDIMED) trial. We randomly selected 147 of the 288 patients diagnosed with CVD during follow-up and matched them on age and sex to 271 controls. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to assess TCL. In-person interviews, medical record reviews, and validated questionnaires were used to assess covariates. The fully adjusted OR for the highest vs. lowest quartile of toenail Cr was 0.54 (95% CI: 0.26-1.14; Ptrend=0.189) for the nested case-control study. On stratification for diabetes mellitus (DM), OR was 1.37 (95% CI: 0.54-3.46; Ptrend=0.364) for the DM group, and 0.25 (95% CI: 0.08-0.80; Ptrend=0.030) for the non-DM group (P for interaction=0.078). The present findings, although not statistically significant, are consistent with previously reported inverse associations between TCL and CVD. These results, especially for non-DM patients, increase the limited epidemiological knowledge about the possible protective role of Cr against CVD. (Trial registration: www.controlled-trials.com; ISRCTN35739639.). |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Spain | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 91 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 16 | 18% |
Student > Master | 9 | 10% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 6 | 7% |
Professor | 5 | 5% |
Researcher | 5 | 5% |
Other | 17 | 19% |
Unknown | 33 | 36% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 17 | 19% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 10 | 11% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 5 | 5% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 4 | 4% |
Unspecified | 3 | 3% |
Other | 11 | 12% |
Unknown | 41 | 45% |