Title |
Vaccination against Lyme disease: past, present, and future
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, January 2013
|
DOI | 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00006 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Monica E. Embers, Sukanya Narasimhan |
Abstract |
Lyme borreliosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato bacteria transmitted to humans and domestic animals by the bite of an Ixodes spp. tick (deer tick). Despite improvements in diagnostic tests and public awareness of Lyme disease, the reported cases have increased over the past decade to approximately 30,000 per year. Limitations and failed public acceptance of a human vaccine, comprised of the outer surface A (OspA) lipoprotein of B. burgdorferi, led to its demise, yet current research has opened doors to new strategies for protection against Lyme disease. In this review we discuss the enzootic cycle of B. burgdorferi, and the unique opportunities it poses to block infection or transmission at different levels. We present the correlates of protection for this infectious disease, the pros and cons of past vaccination strategies, and new paradigms for future vaccine design that would include elements of both the vector and the pathogen. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 5 | 42% |
Switzerland | 1 | 8% |
Canada | 1 | 8% |
Unknown | 5 | 42% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 7 | 58% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | 17% |
Scientists | 2 | 17% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 8% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Russia | 2 | 2% |
Unknown | 127 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 25 | 19% |
Student > Master | 21 | 16% |
Researcher | 18 | 14% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 15 | 12% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 8 | 6% |
Other | 21 | 16% |
Unknown | 21 | 16% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 30 | 23% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 22 | 17% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 18 | 14% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 11 | 9% |
Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine | 10 | 8% |
Other | 13 | 10% |
Unknown | 25 | 19% |