Title |
IFN-γ, IL-2, IP-10, and MIG as Biomarkers of Exposure to Leishmania spp., and of Cure in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis
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Published in |
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, May 2017
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DOI | 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00200 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Ana V. Ibarra-Meneses, Prakash Ghosh, Faria Hossain, Rajashree Chowdhury, Dinesh Mondal, Jorge Alvar, Javier Moreno, Eugenia Carrillo |
Abstract |
New biomarkers are needed for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). They might also improve the detection of the asymptomatic population in Leishmania-endemic areas. This paper examines the IL-2, IFN-γ, IFN-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), and monokine-induced-by-IFN-γ (MIG) levels in whole blood-stimulated in vitro with soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA)-taken from asymptomatic individuals and patients treated for VL living in a post-outbreak (Leishmania infantum) area in Spain, and in an endemic (Leishmania donovani) area of Bangladesh. IP-10 was found to be an accurate global marker of asymptomatic subjects with positive cellular/humoral tests, while MIG was found to be a better marker of contact with L. donovani than IL-2 but no for those with L. infantum. Determining IP-10, MIG, and IFN-γ levels proved useful in monitoring the cellular immune response following treatment for active disease caused by L. infantum. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Belgium | 1 | 10% |
Bangladesh | 1 | 10% |
United Kingdom | 1 | 10% |
Spain | 1 | 10% |
Switzerland | 1 | 10% |
Unknown | 5 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 5 | 50% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | 20% |
Scientists | 2 | 20% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 10% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 86 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 17 | 20% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 12 | 14% |
Student > Bachelor | 9 | 10% |
Student > Master | 9 | 10% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 8 | 9% |
Other | 10 | 12% |
Unknown | 21 | 24% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Immunology and Microbiology | 13 | 15% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 13 | 15% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 13 | 15% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 11 | 13% |
Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine | 4 | 5% |
Other | 9 | 10% |
Unknown | 23 | 27% |