Title |
Clostridioides difficile Biology: Sporulation, Germination, and Corresponding Therapies for C. difficile Infection
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, February 2018
|
DOI | 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00029 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Duolong Zhu, Joseph A. Sorg, Xingmin Sun |
Abstract |
Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, toxin-producing anaerobe, and an important nosocomial pathogen. Due to the strictly anaerobic nature of the vegetative form, spores are the main morphotype of infection and transmission of the disease. Spore formation and their subsequent germination play critical roles inC. difficileinfection (CDI) progress. Under suitable conditions,C. difficilespores will germinate and outgrow to produce the pathogenic vegetative form. During CDI,C. difficileproduces toxins (TcdA and TcdB) that are required to initiate the disease. Meanwhile, it also produces spores that are responsible for the persistence and recurrence ofC. difficilein patients. Recent studies have shed light on the regulatory mechanisms ofC. difficilesporulation and germination. This review is to summarize recent advances on the regulation of sporulation/germination inC. difficileand the corresponding therapeutic strategies that are aimed at these important processes. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 5 | 33% |
Mexico | 2 | 13% |
United Kingdom | 2 | 13% |
Italy | 1 | 7% |
Portugal | 1 | 7% |
Netherlands | 1 | 7% |
Switzerland | 1 | 7% |
Unknown | 2 | 13% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Scientists | 10 | 67% |
Members of the public | 4 | 27% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 7% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 294 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 41 | 14% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 36 | 12% |
Student > Master | 36 | 12% |
Researcher | 20 | 7% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 18 | 6% |
Other | 25 | 9% |
Unknown | 118 | 40% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 63 | 21% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 28 | 10% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 23 | 8% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 21 | 7% |
Chemistry | 10 | 3% |
Other | 24 | 8% |
Unknown | 125 | 43% |