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Mendeley readers
Attention Score in Context
| Title |
Parenteral Adjuvant Effects of an Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Natural Heat-Labile Toxin Variant
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Frontiers in immunology, January 2014
|
| DOI | 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00487 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Catarina J. M. Braga, Juliana F. Rodrigues, Yordanka Medina-Armenteros, Luís E. Farinha-Arcieri, Armando M. Ventura, Silvia B. Boscardin, Maria E. Sbrogio-Almeida, Luís C. S. Ferreira |
| Abstract |
Native type I heat-labile toxins (LTs) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains exert strong adjuvant effects on both antibody and T cell responses to soluble and particulate antigens following co-administration via mucosal routes. However, inherent enterotoxicity and neurotoxicity (following intra-nasal delivery) had reduced the interest in the use of these toxins as mucosal adjuvants. LTs can also behave as powerful and safe adjuvants following delivery via parenteral routes, particularly for activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. In the present study, we evaluated the adjuvant effects of a new natural LT polymorphic form (LT2), after delivery via intradermal (i.d.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes, with regard to both antibody and T cell responses. A recombinant HIV-1 p24 protein was employed as a model antigen for determination of antigen-specific immune responses while the reference LT (LT1), produced by the ETEC H10407 strain, and a non-toxigenic LT form (LTK63) were employed as previously characterized LT types. LT-treated mice submitted to a four dose-base immunization regimen elicited similar p24-specific serum IgG responses and CD4(+) T cell activation. Nonetheless, mice immunized with LT1 or LT2 induced higher numbers of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and in vivo cytotoxic responses compared to mice immunized with the non-toxic LT derivative. These effects were correlated with stronger activation of local dendritic cell populations. In addition, mice immunized with LT1 and LT2, but not with LTK63, via s.c. or i.d. routes developed local inflammatory reactions. Altogether, the present results confirmed that the two most prevalent natural polymorphic LT variants (LT1 or LT2) display similar and strong adjuvant effects for subunit vaccines administered via i.d. or s.c. routes. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profile of 1 X user who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 23 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 23 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Master | 7 | 30% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 4 | 17% |
| Researcher | 3 | 13% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 2 | 9% |
| Other | 2 | 9% |
| Other | 3 | 13% |
| Unknown | 2 | 9% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Immunology and Microbiology | 8 | 35% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 7 | 30% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 3 | 13% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 2 | 9% |
| Engineering | 1 | 4% |
| Other | 0 | 0% |
| Unknown | 2 | 9% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 1. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 23 January 2014.
All research outputs
#20,656,161
of 25,374,647 outputs
Outputs from Frontiers in immunology
#24,741
of 31,516 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#243,187
of 319,280 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Frontiers in immunology
#63
of 97 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,374,647 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 10th percentile – i.e., 10% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 31,516 research outputs from this source. They typically receive more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 8.4. This one is in the 13th percentile – i.e., 13% of its peers scored the same or lower than it.
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We're also able to compare this research output to 97 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one is in the 29th percentile – i.e., 29% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.