Title |
Urinary Extracellular Vesicles as Source of Biomarkers in Kidney Diseases
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in immunology, January 2015
|
DOI | 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00006 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Ana Gámez-Valero, Sara Inés Lozano-Ramos, Ioana Bancu, Ricardo Lauzurica-Valdemoros, Francesc E. Borràs |
Abstract |
Most cells physiologically release vesicles as way of intercellular communication. The so-called Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) include exosomes, ectosomes, and apoptotic bodies, which basically differ in their composition and subcellular origin. Specifically, EVs found in urine reflect the state of the urinary system, from podocytes to renal-tubular cells, thus making them an excellent source of samples for the study of kidney physiology and pathology. Several groups have focused on defining biomarkers of kidney-related disorders, from graft rejection to metabolic syndromes. So far, the lack of a standard protocol for EVs isolation precludes the possibility of a proper comparison among the different biomarkers proposed in the literature, stressing the need for validation of these biomarkers not only in larger cohorts of patients but also considering the different methods for EVs isolation. In this review, we aim to gather the current knowledge about EVs-related biomarkers in kidney diseases, with a special emphasis in the methods used to date for EVs enrichment, and discussing the need for more specific protocols of EV isolation in clinical practice. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 2 | 50% |
Switzerland | 1 | 25% |
Unknown | 1 | 25% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 3 | 75% |
Scientists | 1 | 25% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Korea, Republic of | 1 | <1% |
Chile | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 170 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 34 | 20% |
Researcher | 33 | 19% |
Student > Master | 21 | 12% |
Student > Bachelor | 18 | 10% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 13 | 8% |
Other | 27 | 16% |
Unknown | 27 | 16% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 39 | 23% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 29 | 17% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 26 | 15% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 12 | 7% |
Engineering | 9 | 5% |
Other | 20 | 12% |
Unknown | 38 | 22% |