Title |
Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity in Amphibians
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in immunology, March 2015
|
DOI | 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00111 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Bruno M. Colombo, Thibault Scalvenzi, Sarah Benlamara, Nicolas Pollet |
Abstract |
We know that animals live in a world dominated by bacteria. In the last 20 years, we have learned that microbes are essential regulators of mucosal immunity. Bacteria, archeas, and viruses influence different aspects of mucosal development and function. Yet, the literature mainly covers findings obtained in mammals. In this review, we focus on two major themes that emerge from the comparative analysis of mammals and amphibians. These themes concern: (i) the structure and functions of lymphoid organs and immune cells in amphibians, with a focus on the gut mucosal immune system; and (ii) the characteristics of the amphibian microbiota and its influence on mucosal immunity. Lastly, we propose to use Xenopus tadpoles as an alternative small-animal model to improve the fundamental knowledge on immunological functions of gut microbiota. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 1 | 14% |
Switzerland | 1 | 14% |
France | 1 | 14% |
Unknown | 4 | 57% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 5 | 71% |
Scientists | 2 | 29% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 7 | 3% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
Brazil | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 212 | 95% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 54 | 24% |
Researcher | 35 | 16% |
Student > Master | 34 | 15% |
Student > Bachelor | 23 | 10% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 12 | 5% |
Other | 24 | 11% |
Unknown | 40 | 18% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 87 | 39% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 33 | 15% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 18 | 8% |
Environmental Science | 12 | 5% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 6 | 3% |
Other | 14 | 6% |
Unknown | 52 | 23% |