Title |
The Macrophage Switch in Obesity Development
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in immunology, January 2016
|
DOI | 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00637 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Angela Castoldi, Cristiane Naffah de Souza, Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara, Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira |
Abstract |
Immune cell infiltration in (white) adipose tissue (AT) during obesity is associated with the development of insulin resistance. In AT, the main population of leukocytes are macrophages. Macrophages can be classified into two major populations: M1, classically activated macrophages, and M2, alternatively activated macrophages, although recent studies have identified a broad range of macrophage subsets. During obesity, AT M1 macrophage numbers increase and correlate with AT inflammation and insulin resistance. Upon activation, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages induce aerobic glycolysis. By contrast, in lean humans and mice, the number of M2 macrophages predominates. M2 macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and utilize oxidative metabolism to maintain AT homeostasis. Here, we review the immunologic and metabolic functions of AT macrophages and their different facets in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 2 | 12% |
Switzerland | 2 | 12% |
Mexico | 1 | 6% |
France | 1 | 6% |
Japan | 1 | 6% |
Malaysia | 1 | 6% |
Canada | 1 | 6% |
Unknown | 8 | 47% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 11 | 65% |
Scientists | 4 | 24% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | 12% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Germany | 1 | <1% |
Chile | 1 | <1% |
Sweden | 1 | <1% |
Japan | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 592 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Master | 92 | 15% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 90 | 15% |
Student > Bachelor | 71 | 12% |
Researcher | 61 | 10% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 47 | 8% |
Other | 73 | 12% |
Unknown | 163 | 27% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 121 | 20% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 77 | 13% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 62 | 10% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 62 | 10% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 24 | 4% |
Other | 54 | 9% |
Unknown | 197 | 33% |