Title |
Effects of Interferons and Viruses on Metabolism
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in immunology, January 2016
|
DOI | 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00630 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Stephanie Deborah Fritsch, Thomas Weichhart |
Abstract |
Interferons (IFNs) are potent pleiotropic cytokines that broadly alter cellular functions in response to viral and other infections. These alterations include changes in protein synthesis, proliferation, membrane composition, and the nutritional microenvironment. Recent evidence suggests that antiviral responses are supported by an IFN-induced rewiring of the cellular metabolism. In this review, we discuss the roles of type I and type II IFNs in regulating the cellular metabolism and biosynthetic reactions. Furthermore, we give an overview of how viruses themselves affect these metabolic activities to promote their replication. In addition, we focus on the lipid as well as amino acid metabolisms, through which IFNs exert potent antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. Conversely, the expression of IFNs is controlled by the nutrient sensor mammalian target of rapamycin or by direct reprograming of lipid metabolic pathways. These findings establish a mutual relationship between IFN production and metabolic core processes. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Canada | 1 | 13% |
Switzerland | 1 | 13% |
Unknown | 6 | 75% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 4 | 50% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 3 | 38% |
Scientists | 1 | 13% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 172 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 27 | 16% |
Researcher | 24 | 14% |
Student > Master | 24 | 14% |
Student > Bachelor | 19 | 11% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 12 | 7% |
Other | 24 | 14% |
Unknown | 43 | 25% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 39 | 23% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 38 | 22% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 26 | 15% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 7 | 4% |
Neuroscience | 3 | 2% |
Other | 17 | 10% |
Unknown | 43 | 25% |