Title |
Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in Primary Immunodeficiencies
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in immunology, June 2017
|
DOI | 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00665 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Melanie A. Ruffner, Kathleen E. Sullivan, Sarah E. Henrickson |
Abstract |
Viral infections are commonplace and often innocuous. Nevertheless, within the population of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDDs), viral infections can be the feature that drives a diagnostic evaluation or can be the most significant morbidity for the patient. This review is focused on the viral complications of PIDDs. It will focus on respiratory viruses, the most common type of viral infection in the general population. Children and adults with an increased frequency or severity of respiratory viral infections are often referred for an immunologic evaluation. The classic teaching is to investigate humoral function in people with recurrent sinopulmonary infections, but this is often interpreted to mean recurrent bacterial infections. Recurrent or very severe viral infections may also be a harbinger of a primary immunodeficiency as well. This review will also cover persistent cutaneous viral infections, systemic infections, central nervous system infections, and gastrointestinal infections. In each case, the specific viral infections may drive a diagnostic evaluation that is specific for that type of virus. This review also discusses the management of these infections, which can become problematic in patients with PIDDs. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 7 | 16% |
United Kingdom | 5 | 11% |
Australia | 2 | 5% |
Switzerland | 2 | 5% |
Indonesia | 1 | 2% |
Canada | 1 | 2% |
Djibouti | 1 | 2% |
Unknown | 25 | 57% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 37 | 84% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 3 | 7% |
Scientists | 3 | 7% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 2% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 79 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Other | 12 | 15% |
Researcher | 12 | 15% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 6 | 8% |
Student > Bachelor | 6 | 8% |
Professor > Associate Professor | 6 | 8% |
Other | 17 | 22% |
Unknown | 20 | 25% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 29 | 37% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 11 | 14% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 7 | 9% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 2 | 3% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 2 | 3% |
Other | 5 | 6% |
Unknown | 23 | 29% |