Title |
Graphene and the Immune System: A Romance of Many Dimensions
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in immunology, June 2017
|
DOI | 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00673 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Sourav P. Mukherjee, Massimo Bottini, Bengt Fadeel |
Abstract |
Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are emerging as attractive materials for biomedical applications. Understanding how these materials are perceived by and interact with the immune system is of fundamental importance. Phagocytosis is a major mechanism deployed by the immune system to remove pathogens, particles, and cellular debris. Here, we discuss recent studies on the interactions of GBMs with different phagocytic cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. The importance of assessing GBMs for endotoxin contamination is discussed as this may skew results. We also explore the role of the bio-corona for interactions of GBMs with immune cells. Finally, we highlight recent evidence for direct plasma membrane interactions of GBMs. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 5 | 14% |
United Kingdom | 4 | 11% |
Spain | 2 | 6% |
Netherlands | 1 | 3% |
India | 1 | 3% |
Canada | 1 | 3% |
Australia | 1 | 3% |
Brazil | 1 | 3% |
Poland | 1 | 3% |
Other | 2 | 6% |
Unknown | 17 | 47% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 31 | 86% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 3 | 8% |
Scientists | 1 | 3% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 3% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 77 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 13 | 17% |
Researcher | 11 | 14% |
Student > Master | 9 | 12% |
Professor > Associate Professor | 4 | 5% |
Student > Bachelor | 3 | 4% |
Other | 14 | 18% |
Unknown | 23 | 30% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 9 | 12% |
Chemistry | 8 | 10% |
Materials Science | 7 | 9% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 4 | 5% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 4 | 5% |
Other | 18 | 23% |
Unknown | 27 | 35% |