Title |
The Immune System Bridges the Gut Microbiota with Systemic Energy Homeostasis: Focus on TLRs, Mucosal Barrier, and SCFAs
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Published in |
Frontiers in immunology, October 2017
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DOI | 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01353 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Martina Spiljar, Doron Merkler, Mirko Trajkovski |
Abstract |
The gut microbiota is essential for the development and regulation of the immune system and the metabolism of the host. Germ-free animals have altered immunity with increased susceptibility to immunologic diseases and show metabolic alterations. Here, we focus on two of the major immune-mediated microbiota-influenced components that signal far beyond their local environment. First, the activation or suppression of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) by microbial signals can dictate the tone of the immune response, and they are implicated in regulation of the energy homeostasis. Second, we discuss the intestinal mucosal surface is an immunologic component that protects the host from pathogenic invasion, is tightly regulated with regard to its permeability and can influence the systemic energy balance. The short chain fatty acids are a group of molecules that can both modulate the intestinal barrier and escape the gut to influence systemic health. As modulators of the immune response, the microbiota-derived signals influence functions of distant organs and can change susceptibility to metabolic diseases. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 6 | 29% |
United Kingdom | 2 | 10% |
Germany | 1 | 5% |
Netherlands | 1 | 5% |
France | 1 | 5% |
Sweden | 1 | 5% |
Unknown | 9 | 43% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 15 | 71% |
Scientists | 5 | 24% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 5% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 197 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 29 | 15% |
Researcher | 29 | 15% |
Student > Master | 22 | 11% |
Student > Bachelor | 22 | 11% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 10 | 5% |
Other | 32 | 16% |
Unknown | 53 | 27% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 34 | 17% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 28 | 14% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 26 | 13% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 24 | 12% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 7 | 4% |
Other | 18 | 9% |
Unknown | 60 | 30% |