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X Demographics
Mendeley readers
Attention Score in Context
| Title |
Reclaimed water as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes: distribution system and irrigation implications
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Frontiers in Microbiology, January 2013
|
| DOI | 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00130 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Nicole Fahrenfeld, Yanjun Ma, Maureen O’Brien, Amy Pruden |
| Abstract |
Treated wastewater is increasingly being reused to achieve sustainable water management in arid regions. The objective of this study was to quantify the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in recycled water, particularly after it has passed through the distribution system, and to consider point-of-use implications for soil irrigation. Three separate reclaimed wastewater distribution systems in the western U.S. were examined. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to quantify ARGs corresponding to resistance to sulfonamides (sul1, sul2), macrolides (ermF), tetracycline [tet(A), tet(O)], glycopeptides (vanA), and methicillin (mecA), in addition to genes present in waterborne pathogens Legionella pneumophila (Lmip), Escherichia coli (gadAB), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ecfx, gyrB). In a parallel lab study, the effect of irrigating an agricultural soil with secondary, chlorinated, or dechlorinated wastewater effluent was examined in batch microcosms. A broader range of ARGs were detected after the reclaimed water passed through the distribution systems, highlighting the importance of considering bacterial re-growth and the overall water quality at the point of use (POU). Screening for pathogens with qPCR indicated presence of Lmip and gadAB genes, but not ecfx or gyrB. In the lab study, chlorination was observed to reduce 16S rRNA and sul2 gene copies in the wastewater effluent, while dechlorination had no apparent effect. ARGs levels did not change with time in soil slurries incubated after a single irrigation event with any of the effluents. However, when irrigated repeatedly with secondary wastewater effluent (not chlorinated or dechlorinated), elevated levels of sul1 and sul2 were observed. This study suggests that reclaimed water may be an important reservoir of ARGs, especially at the POU, and that attention should be directed toward the fate of ARGs in irrigation water and the implications for human health. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 10 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | 2 | 20% |
| United States | 2 | 20% |
| Ireland | 1 | 10% |
| Spain | 1 | 10% |
| Switzerland | 1 | 10% |
| Unknown | 3 | 30% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 6 | 60% |
| Scientists | 3 | 30% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 10% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 265 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 3 | 1% |
| Portugal | 1 | <1% |
| Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
| Estonia | 1 | <1% |
| Brazil | 1 | <1% |
| Spain | 1 | <1% |
| Croatia | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 256 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 57 | 22% |
| Researcher | 42 | 16% |
| Student > Master | 37 | 14% |
| Student > Bachelor | 23 | 9% |
| Professor > Associate Professor | 14 | 5% |
| Other | 42 | 16% |
| Unknown | 50 | 19% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Environmental Science | 49 | 18% |
| Engineering | 46 | 17% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 40 | 15% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 19 | 7% |
| Immunology and Microbiology | 16 | 6% |
| Other | 28 | 11% |
| Unknown | 67 | 25% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 15. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 22 June 2015.
All research outputs
#2,081,518
of 22,711,242 outputs
Outputs from Frontiers in Microbiology
#1,578
of 24,530 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#21,671
of 280,734 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Frontiers in Microbiology
#28
of 407 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 22,711,242 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 90th percentile: it's in the top 10% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 24,530 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 6.4. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 93% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 280,734 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 92% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 407 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 93% of its contemporaries.