Title |
Coronavirus infection, ER stress, apoptosis and innate immunity
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in Microbiology, June 2014
|
DOI | 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00296 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
To S. Fung, Ding X. Liu |
Abstract |
The replication of coronavirus, a family of important animal and human pathogens, is closely associated with the cellular membrane compartments, especially the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Coronavirus infection of cultured cells was previously shown to cause ER stress and induce the unfolded protein response (UPR), a process that aims to restore the ER homeostasis by global translation shutdown and increasing the ER folding capacity. However, under prolonged ER stress, UPR can also induce apoptotic cell death. Accumulating evidence from recent studies has shown that induction of ER stress and UPR may constitute a major aspect of coronavirus-host interaction. Activation of the three branches of UPR modulates a wide variety of signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation, autophagy, apoptosis, and innate immune response. ER stress and UPR activation may therefore contribute significantly to the viral replication and pathogenesis during coronavirus infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on coronavirus-induced ER stress and UPR activation, with emphasis on their cross-talking to apoptotic signaling. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 2 | 17% |
Spain | 1 | 8% |
Germany | 1 | 8% |
United Kingdom | 1 | 8% |
Switzerland | 1 | 8% |
Unknown | 6 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 6 | 50% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 3 | 25% |
Scientists | 3 | 25% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Netherlands | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 367 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 58 | 16% |
Researcher | 52 | 14% |
Student > Master | 47 | 13% |
Student > Bachelor | 47 | 13% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 19 | 5% |
Other | 59 | 16% |
Unknown | 89 | 24% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 95 | 26% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 59 | 16% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 33 | 9% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 21 | 6% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 13 | 4% |
Other | 48 | 13% |
Unknown | 102 | 27% |