Title |
Co-carcinogenesis: Human Papillomaviruses, Coal Tar Derivatives, and Squamous Cell Cervical Cancer
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in Microbiology, November 2017
|
DOI | 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02253 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Harry W. Haverkos, Gregory P. Haverkos, Michael O’Mara |
Abstract |
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cancers among women worldwide. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) play a major role in the etiology of CC, with several lines of epidemiologic and experimental evidence supporting a role for non-viral (co-carcinogens) and host genetic factors in controlling the risk for progression to neoplasia among HPV-infected individuals. The role of co-carcinogens in the development of CC is significant in the developing world where poor sanitation and other socio-economic conditions increase the infectious cancer burden. Here, we discuss how exposure to environmental factors such as coal tar derivatives from cigarette smoking, tar-based sanitary products, and inhaled smoke from biomass-burning stoves, could activate host pathways involved in development of HPV-associated squamous cell cancers in resource-limited settings. Understanding interactions between these pathways with certain oncogenic HPV genotypes may guide implementation of strategies for control and treatment of HPV-associated cancers that develop in populations at high risk of exposure to various co-carcinogens. |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 38 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 5 | 13% |
Student > Master | 5 | 13% |
Student > Postgraduate | 4 | 11% |
Student > Bachelor | 4 | 11% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 3 | 8% |
Other | 2 | 5% |
Unknown | 15 | 39% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 9 | 24% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 2 | 5% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 2 | 5% |
Unspecified | 1 | 3% |
Environmental Science | 1 | 3% |
Other | 7 | 18% |
Unknown | 16 | 42% |