Title |
Bacterial Strategies to Preserve Cell Wall Integrity Against Environmental Threats
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in Microbiology, August 2018
|
DOI | 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02064 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Akhilesh K. Yadav, Akbar Espaillat, Felipe Cava |
Abstract |
Bacterial cells are surrounded by an exoskeleton-like structure, the cell wall, composed primarily of the peptidoglycan (PG) sacculus. This structure is made up of glycan strands cross-linked by short peptides generating a covalent mesh that shapes bacteria and prevents their lysis due to their high internal osmotic pressure. Even though the PG is virtually universal in bacteria, there is a notable degree of diversity in its chemical structure. Modifications in both the sugars and peptides are known to be instrumental for bacteria to cope with diverse environmental challenges. In this review, we summarize and discuss the cell wall strategies to withstand biotic and abiotic environmental insults such as the effect of antibiotics targeting cell wall enzymes, predatory PG hydrolytic proteins, and PG signaling systems. Finally we will discuss the opportunities that species-specific PG variability might open to develop antimicrobial therapies. |
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Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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France | 2 | 15% |
United States | 2 | 15% |
Czechia | 1 | 8% |
Chile | 1 | 8% |
Singapore | 1 | 8% |
Switzerland | 1 | 8% |
Japan | 1 | 8% |
Sweden | 1 | 8% |
Unknown | 3 | 23% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Scientists | 7 | 54% |
Members of the public | 6 | 46% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Unknown | 155 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 26 | 17% |
Student > Bachelor | 21 | 14% |
Researcher | 16 | 10% |
Student > Master | 12 | 8% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 9 | 6% |
Other | 14 | 9% |
Unknown | 57 | 37% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 36 | 23% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 23 | 15% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 14 | 9% |
Chemistry | 11 | 7% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 8 | 5% |
Other | 8 | 5% |
Unknown | 55 | 35% |