Conversion Discriminative Analysis on Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Multiple Cortical Features from MR Images

Shengwen Guo, Chunren Lai, Congling Wu, Guiyin Cen, The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Michael W. Weiner, Paul Aisen, Michael Weiner, Paul Aisen, Ronald Petersen, Clifford R. Jack, William Jagust, John Q. Trojanowki, Arthur W. Toga, Laurel Beckett, Robert C. Green, Andrew J. Saykin, John Morris, Leslie M. Shaw, Zaven Khachaturian, Greg Sorensen, Maria Carrillo, Lew Kuller, Marc Raichle, Steven Paul, Peter Davies, Howard Fillit, Franz Hefti, David Holtzman, M. Marcel Mesulam, William Potter, Peter Snyder, Adam Schwartz, Robert C. Green, Tom Montine, Ronald Petersen, Paul Aisen, Ronald G. Thomas, Michael Donohue, Sarah Walter, Devon Gessert, Tamie Sather, Gus Jiminez, Archana B. Balasubramanian, Jennifer Mason, Iris Sim, Laurel Beckett, Danielle Harvey, Michael Donohue, Clifford R. Jack, Matthew Bernstein, Nick Fox, Paul Thompson, Norbert Schuff, Charles DeCArli, Bret Borowski, Jeff Gunter, Matt Senjem, Prashanthi Vemuri, David Jones, Kejal Kantarci, Chad Ward, William Jagust, Robert A. Koeppe, Norm Foster, Eric M. Reiman, Kewei Chen, Chet Mathis, Susan Landau, John C. Morris, Nigel J. Cairns, Erin Franklin, Lisa Taylor-Reinwald, Leslie M. Shaw, John Q. Trojanowki, Virginia Lee, Magdalena Korecka, Michal Figurski, Arthur W. Toga, Karen Crawford, Scott Neu, Andrew J. Saykin, Tatiana M. Foroud, Steven Potkin, Li Shen, Kelley Faber, Sungeun Kim, Kwangsik Nho, Michael W. Weiner, Lean Thal, Zaven Khachaturian, Leon Thal, Neil Buckholtz, Michael W. Weiner, Peter J. Snyder, William Potter, Steven Paul, Marilyn Albert, Richard Frank, Zaven Khachaturian, John Hsiao, Jeffrey Kaye, Joseph Quinn, Lisa Silbert, Betty Lind, Raina Carter, Sara Dolen, Lon S. Schneider, Sonia Pawluczyk, Mauricio Becerra, Liberty Teodoro, Bryan M. Spann, James Brewer, Helen Vanderswag, Adam Fleisher, Judith L. Heidebrink, Joanne L. Lord, Ronald Petersen, Sara S. Mason, Colleen S. Albers, David Knopman, Kris Johnson, Rachelle S. Doody, Javier Villanueva-Meyer, Valory Pavlik, Victoria Shibley, Munir Chowdhury, Susan Rountree, Mimi Dang, Yaakov Stern, Lawrence S. Honig, Karen L. Bell, Beau Ances, John C. Morris, Maria Carroll, Mary L. Creech, Erin Franklin, Mark A. Mintun, Stacy Schneider, Angela Oliver, Daniel Marson, David Geldmacher, Marissa Natelson Love, Randall Griffith, David Clark, John Brockington, Erik Roberson, Hillel Grossman, Effie Mitsis, Raj C. Shah, Leyla deToledo-Morrell, Ranjan Duara, Maria T. Greig-Custo, Warren Barker, Marilyn Albert, Chiadi Onyike, Daniel D'Agostino, Stephanie Kielb, Martin Sadowski, Mohammed O. Sheikh, Ulysse Anaztasia, Gaikwad Mrunalini, P. Murali Doraiswamy, Jeffrey R. Petrella, Salvador Borges-Neto, Terence Z. Wong, Edward Coleman, Steven E. Arnold, Jason H. Karlawish, David A. Wolk, Christopher M. Clark, Charles D. Smith, Greg Jicha, Peter Hardy, Partha Sinha, Elizabeth Oates, Gary Conrad, Oscar L. Lopez, MaryAnn Oakley, Donna M. Simpson, Anton P. Porsteinsson, Bonnie S. Goldstein, Kim Martin, Kelly M. Makino, M. Saleem Ismail, Connie Brand, Steven G. Potkin, Adrian Preda, Dana Nguyen, Kyle Womack, Dana Mathews, Mary Quiceno, Allan I. Levey, James J. Lah, Janet S. Cellar, Jeffrey M. Burns, Russell H. Swerdlow, William M. Brooks, Liana Apostolova, Kathleen Tingus, Ellen Woo, Daniel H.S. Silverman, Po H. Lu, George Bartzokis, Neill R Graff-Radford, Francine Parfitt, Kim Poki-Walker, Martin R. Farlow, Ann Marie Hake, Brandy R. Matthews, Jared R. Brosch, Scott Herring, Christopher H. van Dyck, Richard E. Carson, Martha G. MacAvoy, Pradeep Varma, Howard Chertkow, Howard Bergman, Chris Hosein, Sandra Black, Bojana Stefanovic, Curtis Caldwell, Ging-Yuek Robin Hsiung, Benita Mudge, Vesna Sossi, Howard Feldman, Michele Assaly, Elizabeth Finger, Stephen Pasternack, Irina Rachisky, Dick Trost, Andrew Kertesz, Charles Bernick, Donna Munic, Marek-Marsel Mesulam, Emily Rogalski, Kristine Lipowski, Sandra Weintraub, Borna Bonakdarpour, Diana Kerwin, Chuang-Kuo Wu, Nancy Johnson, Carl Sadowsky, Teresa Villena, Raymond Scott Turner, Kathleen Johnson, Brigid Reynolds, Reisa A. Sperling, Keith A. Johnson, Gad Marshall, Jerome Yesavage, Joy L. Taylor, Barton Lane, Allyson Rosen, Jared Tinklenberg, Marwan N. Sabbagh, Christine M. Belden, Sandra A. Jacobson, Sherye A. Sirrel, Neil Kowall, Ronald Killiany, Andrew E. Budson, Alexander Norbash, Patricia Lynn Johnson, Thomas O. Obisesan, Saba Wolday, Joanne Allard, Alan Lerner, Paula Ogrocki, Curtis Tatsuoka, Parianne Fatica, Evan Fletcher, Pauline Maillard, John Olichney, Charles DeCarli, Owen Carmichael, Smita Kittur, Michael Borrie, T-Y Lee, Rob Bartha, Sterling Johnson, Sanjay Asthana, Cynthia M. Carlsson, Steven G. Potkin, Adrian Preda, Dana Nguyen, Pierre Tariot, Anna Burke, Ann Marie Milliken, Nadira Trncic, Adam Fleisher, Stephanie Reeder, Vernice Bates, Horacio Capote, Michelle Rainka, Douglas W. Scharre, Maria Kataki, Brendan Kelley, Earl A. Zimmerman, Dzintra Celmins, Alice D. Brown, Godfrey D. Pearlson, Karen Blank, Karen Anderson, Laura A. Flashman, Marc Seltzer, Mary L. Hynes, Robert B. Santulli, Kaycee M. Sink, Gordineer Leslie, Jeff D. Williamson, Pradeep Garg, Franklin Watkins, Brian R. Ott, Geoffrey Tremont, Lori A. Daiello, Stephen Salloway, Paul Malloy, Stephen Correia, Howard J. Rosen, Bruce L. Miller, David Perry, Jacobo Mintzer, Kenneth Spicer, David Bachman, Elizabeth Finger, Stephen Pasternak, Irina Rachinsky, John Rogers, Andrew Kertesz, Dick Drost, Nunzio Pomara, Raymundo Hernando, Antero Sarrael, Susan K. Schultz, Karen Ekstam Smith, Hristina Koleva, Ki Won Nam, Hyungsub Shim, Norman Relkin, Gloria Chiang, Michael Lin, Lisa Ravdin, Amanda Smith, Balebail Ashok Raj, Kristin Fargher, Michael W. Weiner, Paul Aisen, Michael Weiner, Paul Aisen, Ronald Petersen, Robert C. Green, Danielle Harvey, Clifford R. Jack, William Jagust, John C. Morris, Andrew J. Saykin, Leslie M. Shaw, Arthur W. Toga, John Q. Trojanowki, Thomas Neylan, Jordan Grafman, Robert C. Green, Tom Montine, Michael Weiner, Ronald Petersen, Paul Aisen, Ronald G. Thomas, Michael Donohue, Gessert Devon, Tamie Sather, Davis Melissa, Rosemary Morrison, Gus Jiminez, Thomas Neylan, Hayes Jacqueline, Finley Shannon, Danielle Harvey, Michael Donohue, Clifford R. Jack, Matthew Bernstein, Bret Borowski, Jeff Gunter, Matt Senjem, Kantarci Kejal, Ward Chad, William Jagust, Robert A. Koeppe, Norm Foster, Eric M. Reiman, Kewei Chen, Susan Landau, John C. Morris, Nigel J. Cairns, Erin Householder, Leslie M. Shaw, John Q. Trojanowki, Virginia Lee, Magdalena Korecka, Michal Figurski, Arthur W. Toga, Crawford Karen, Neu Scott, Andrew J. Saykin, Tatiana M. Foroud, Steven Potkin, Li Shen, Kelley Faber, Sungeun Kim, Kwangsik Nho, Michael W. Weiner, Friedl Karl, Lon S. Schneider, Sonia Pawluczyk, Becerra Mauricio, James Brewer, Helen Vanderswag, Yaakov Stern, Lawrence S. Honig, Karen L. Bell, Debra Fleischman, Konstantinos Arfanakis, Raj C. Shah, Ranjan Duara, Daniel Varon, Maria T Greig, P. Murali Doraiswamy, Jeffrey R. Petrella, Olga James, Anton P. Porsteinsson, Bonnie Goldstein, Kimberly S. Martin, Steven G. Potkin, Adrian Preda, Dana Nguyen, Jacobo Mintzer, Dino Massoglia, Olga Brawman-Mintzer, Carl Sadowsky, Walter Martinez, Teresa Villena, William Jagust, Susan Landau, Howard Rosen, David Perry, Raymond Scott Turner, Kelly Behan, Brigid Reynolds, Reisa A. Sperling, Keith A. Johnson, Gad Marshall, Marwan N. Sabbagh, Sandra A. Jacobson, Sherye A. Sirrel, Thomas O. Obisesan, Saba Wolday, Joanne Allard, Sterling C. Johnson, J. Jay Fruehling, Sandra Harding, Elaine R. Peskind, Eric C. Petrie, Gail Li, Jerome A. Yesavage, Joy L. Taylor, Ansgar J. Furst, Steven Chao, Norman Relkin, Gloria Chiang, Lisa Ravdin

Neuroimaging measurements derived from magnetic resonance imaging provide important information required for detecting changes related to the progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cortical features and changes play a crucial role in revealing unique anatomical patterns of brain regions, and further differentiate MCI patients from normal states. Four cortical features, namely, gray matter volume, cortical thickness, surface area, and mean curvature, were explored for discriminative analysis among three groups including the stable MCI (sMCI), the converted MCI (cMCI), and the normal control (NC) groups. In this study, 158 subjects (72 NC, 46 sMCI, and 40 cMCI) were selected from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. A sparse-constrained regression model based on the l2-1-norm was introduced to reduce the feature dimensionality and retrieve essential features for the discrimination of the three groups by using a support vector machine (SVM). An optimized strategy of feature addition based on the weight of each feature was adopted for the SVM classifier in order to achieve the best classification performance. The baseline cortical features combined with the longitudinal measurements for 2 years of follow-up data yielded prominent classification results. In particular, the cortical thickness produced a classification with 98.84% accuracy, 97.5% sensitivity, and 100% specificity for the sMCI-cMCI comparison; 92.37% accuracy, 84.78% sensitivity, and 97.22% specificity for the cMCI-NC comparison; and 93.75% accuracy, 92.5% sensitivity, and 94.44% specificity for the sMCI-NC comparison. The best performances obtained by the SVM classifier using the essential features were 5-40% more than those using all of the retained features. The feasibility of the cortical features for the recognition of anatomical patterns was certified; thus, the proposed method has the potential to improve the clinical diagnosis of sub-types of MCI and predict the risk of its conversion to Alzheimer's disease.