Title |
Air pollution and detrimental effects on children’s brain. The need for a multidisciplinary approach to the issue complexity and challenges
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, August 2014
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DOI | 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00613 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas, Ricardo Torres-Jardón, Randy J. Kulesza, Su-Bin Park, Amedeo D’Angiulli |
Abstract |
Millions of children in polluted cities are showing brain detrimental effects. Urban children exhibit brain structural and volumetric abnormalities, systemic inflammation, olfactory, auditory, vestibular and cognitive deficits v low-pollution controls. Neuroinflammation and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) breakdown target the olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex and brainstem, but are diffusely present throughout the brain. Urban adolescent Apolipoprotein E4 carriers significantly accelerate Alzheimer pathology. Neurocognitive effects of air pollution are substantial, apparent across all populations, and potentially clinically relevant as early evidence of evolving neurodegenerative changes. The diffuse nature of the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration forces to employ a weight of evidence approach incorporating current clinical, cognitive, neurophysiological, radiological and epidemiological research. Pediatric air pollution research requires extensive multidisciplinary collaborations to accomplish a critical goal: to protect exposed children through multidimensional interventions having both broad impact and reach. Protecting children and teens from neural effects of air pollution should be of pressing importance for public health. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 2 | 15% |
Australia | 2 | 15% |
Germany | 1 | 8% |
Mexico | 1 | 8% |
Unknown | 7 | 54% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 11 | 85% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 2 | 15% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Germany | 1 | <1% |
Hong Kong | 1 | <1% |
India | 1 | <1% |
Puerto Rico | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 204 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 33 | 16% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 29 | 14% |
Student > Bachelor | 26 | 12% |
Student > Master | 25 | 12% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 16 | 8% |
Other | 35 | 17% |
Unknown | 45 | 22% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 33 | 16% |
Environmental Science | 24 | 11% |
Neuroscience | 21 | 10% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 14 | 7% |
Psychology | 11 | 5% |
Other | 48 | 23% |
Unknown | 58 | 28% |