Title |
Moral Enhancement Using Non-invasive Brain Stimulation
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, February 2017
|
DOI | 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00077 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
R. Ryan Darby, Alvaro Pascual-Leone |
Abstract |
Biomedical enhancement refers to the use of biomedical interventions to improve capacities beyond normal, rather than to treat deficiencies due to diseases. Enhancement can target physical or cognitive capacities, but also complex human behaviors such as morality. However, the complexity of normal moral behavior makes it unlikely that morality is a single capacity that can be deficient or enhanced. Instead, our central hypothesis will be that moral behavior results from multiple, interacting cognitive-affective networks in the brain. First, we will test this hypothesis by reviewing evidence for modulation of moral behavior using non-invasive brain stimulation. Next, we will discuss how this evidence affects ethical issues related to the use of moral enhancement. We end with the conclusion that while brain stimulation has the potential to alter moral behavior, such alteration is unlikely to improve moral behavior in all situations, and may even lead to less morally desirable behavior in some instances. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 4 | 17% |
France | 2 | 8% |
Germany | 2 | 8% |
Spain | 1 | 4% |
United Kingdom | 1 | 4% |
Brazil | 1 | 4% |
Switzerland | 1 | 4% |
India | 1 | 4% |
Portugal | 1 | 4% |
Other | 0 | 0% |
Unknown | 10 | 42% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 14 | 58% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 4 | 17% |
Scientists | 4 | 17% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 2 | 8% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Spain | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 107 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Master | 19 | 18% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 18 | 17% |
Researcher | 15 | 14% |
Student > Bachelor | 14 | 13% |
Student > Postgraduate | 7 | 6% |
Other | 18 | 17% |
Unknown | 17 | 16% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Psychology | 32 | 30% |
Neuroscience | 15 | 14% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 10 | 9% |
Philosophy | 5 | 5% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 4 | 4% |
Other | 20 | 19% |
Unknown | 22 | 20% |