Title |
Do not Bet on the Unknown Versus Try to Find Out More: Estimation Uncertainty and “Unexpected Uncertainty” Both Modulate Exploration
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Published in |
Frontiers in Neuroscience, January 2012
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DOI | 10.3389/fnins.2012.00150 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Élise Payzan-LeNestour, Peter Bossaerts |
Abstract |
Little is known about how humans solve the exploitation/exploration trade-off. In particular, the evidence for uncertainty-driven exploration is mixed. The current study proposes a novel hypothesis of exploration that helps reconcile prior findings that may seem contradictory at first. According to this hypothesis, uncertainty-driven exploration involves a dilemma between two motives: (i) to speed up learning about the unknown, which may beget novel reward opportunities; (ii) to avoid the unknown because it is potentially dangerous. We provide evidence for our hypothesis using both behavioral and simulated data, and briefly point to recent evidence that the brain differentiates between these two motives. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 3 | 60% |
Switzerland | 1 | 20% |
Unknown | 1 | 20% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 5 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 6 | 6% |
Belgium | 2 | 2% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
Canada | 1 | <1% |
Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
Japan | 1 | <1% |
Brazil | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 90 | 87% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 35 | 34% |
Researcher | 21 | 20% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 9 | 9% |
Student > Master | 8 | 8% |
Student > Bachelor | 7 | 7% |
Other | 15 | 15% |
Unknown | 8 | 8% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Psychology | 46 | 45% |
Neuroscience | 12 | 12% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 8 | 8% |
Computer Science | 6 | 6% |
Economics, Econometrics and Finance | 2 | 2% |
Other | 14 | 14% |
Unknown | 15 | 15% |