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Rational modulation of the innate immune system for neuroprotection in ischemic stroke

Overview of attention for article published in Frontiers in Neuroscience, April 2015
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Title
Rational modulation of the innate immune system for neuroprotection in ischemic stroke
Published in
Frontiers in Neuroscience, April 2015
DOI 10.3389/fnins.2015.00147
Pubmed ID
Authors

Diana Amantea, Giuseppe Micieli, Cristina Tassorelli, María I. Cuartero, Iván Ballesteros, Michelangelo Certo, María A. Moro, Ignacio Lizasoain, Giacinto Bagetta

Abstract

The innate immune system plays a dualistic role in the evolution of ischemic brain damage and has also been implicated in ischemic tolerance produced by different conditioning stimuli. Early after ischemia, perivascular astrocytes release cytokines and activate metalloproteases (MMPs) that contribute to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and vasogenic oedema; whereas at later stages, they provide extracellular glutamate uptake, BBB regeneration and neurotrophic factors release. Similarly, early activation of microglia contributes to ischemic brain injury via the production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and proteases. Nevertheless, microglia also contributes to the resolution of inflammation, by releasing IL-10 and tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, and to the late reparative processes by phagocytic activity and growth factors production. Indeed, after ischemia, microglia/macrophages differentiate toward several phenotypes: the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype is classically activated via toll-like receptors or interferon-γ, whereas M2 phenotypes are alternatively activated by regulatory mediators, such as ILs 4, 10, 13, or TGF-β. Thus, immune cells exert a dualistic role on the evolution of ischemic brain damage, since the classic phenotypes promote injury, whereas alternatively activated M2 macrophages or N2 neutrophils prompt tissue remodeling and repair. Moreover, a subdued activation of the immune system has been involved in ischemic tolerance, since different preconditioning stimuli act via modulation of inflammatory mediators, including toll-like receptors and cytokine signaling pathways. This further underscores that the immuno-modulatory approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke should be aimed at blocking the detrimental effects, while promoting the beneficial responses of the immune reaction.

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The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 3 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Mendeley readers

Mendeley readers

The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 171 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.

Geographical breakdown

Country Count As %
United States 3 2%
Japan 1 <1%
Canada 1 <1%
Unknown 166 97%

Demographic breakdown

Readers by professional status Count As %
Student > Ph. D. Student 34 20%
Researcher 20 12%
Student > Master 16 9%
Student > Bachelor 15 9%
Student > Doctoral Student 11 6%
Other 35 20%
Unknown 40 23%
Readers by discipline Count As %
Neuroscience 40 23%
Medicine and Dentistry 31 18%
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 20 12%
Agricultural and Biological Sciences 15 9%
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science 9 5%
Other 14 8%
Unknown 42 25%
Attention Score in Context

Attention Score in Context

This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 2. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 22 July 2016.
All research outputs
#15,169,949
of 25,374,917 outputs
Outputs from Frontiers in Neuroscience
#6,401
of 11,541 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#138,458
of 278,755 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Frontiers in Neuroscience
#79
of 131 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,374,917 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 38th percentile – i.e., 38% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 11,541 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 10.9. This one is in the 42nd percentile – i.e., 42% of its peers scored the same or lower than it.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 278,755 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one is in the 48th percentile – i.e., 48% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.
We're also able to compare this research output to 131 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one is in the 36th percentile – i.e., 36% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.