Title |
Chemicals, Nutrition, and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mini-Review
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in Neuroscience, April 2016
|
DOI | 10.3389/fnins.2016.00174 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Takeo Fujiwara, Naho Morisaki, Yukiko Honda, Makiko Sampei, Yukako Tani |
Abstract |
The rapid increase of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suggests that exposure to chemicals may impact the development of ASD. Therefore, we reviewed literature on the following chemicals, nutrient to investigate their association with ASD: (1) smoke/tobacco, (2) alcohol, (3) air pollution, (4) pesticides, (5) endocrine-disrupting chemicals, (6) heavy metals, (7) micronutrients, (8) fatty acid, and (9) parental obesity as a proxy of accumulation of specific chemicals or nutritional status. Several chemical exposures such as air pollution (e.g., particular matter 2.5), pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, mercury, and nutrition deficiency such as folic acid, vitamin D, or fatty acid may possibly be associated with an increased risk of ASD, whereas other traditional risk factors such as smoking/tobacco, alcohol, or polychlorinated biphenyls are less likely to be associated with ASD. Further research is needed to accumulate evidence on the association between chemical exposure and nutrient deficiencies and ASD in various doses and populations. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 6 | 30% |
Japan | 2 | 10% |
Spain | 2 | 10% |
Singapore | 1 | 5% |
Cyprus | 1 | 5% |
Saudi Arabia | 1 | 5% |
Mexico | 1 | 5% |
Australia | 1 | 5% |
Unknown | 5 | 25% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 14 | 70% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 4 | 20% |
Scientists | 2 | 10% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Japan | 1 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Spain | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 283 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 49 | 17% |
Student > Master | 41 | 14% |
Researcher | 34 | 12% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 24 | 8% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 16 | 6% |
Other | 43 | 15% |
Unknown | 79 | 28% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 56 | 20% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 32 | 11% |
Neuroscience | 21 | 7% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 19 | 7% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 17 | 6% |
Other | 54 | 19% |
Unknown | 87 | 30% |