Title |
Combinations of Immunotherapy and Radiation in Cancer Therapy
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in oncology, November 2014
|
DOI | 10.3389/fonc.2014.00325 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Ralph E. Vatner, Benjamin T. Cooper, Claire Vanpouille-Box, Sandra Demaria, Silvia C. Formenti |
Abstract |
The immune system has the ability to recognize and specifically reject tumors, and tumors only become clinically apparent once they have evaded immune destruction by creating an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Radiotherapy (RT) can cause immunogenic tumor cell death resulting in cross-priming of tumor-specific T-cells, acting as an in situ tumor vaccine; however, RT alone rarely induces effective anti-tumor immunity resulting in systemic tumor rejection. Immunotherapy can complement RT to help overcome tumor-induced immune suppression, as demonstrated in pre-clinical tumor models. Here, we provide the rationale for combinations of different immunotherapies and RT, and review the pre-clinical and emerging clinical evidence for these combinations in the treatment of cancer. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Spain | 3 | 17% |
United States | 2 | 11% |
Germany | 1 | 6% |
Switzerland | 1 | 6% |
Unknown | 11 | 61% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 15 | 83% |
Scientists | 3 | 17% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Italy | 2 | 1% |
Portugal | 1 | <1% |
Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
India | 1 | <1% |
Canada | 1 | <1% |
Japan | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 191 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 39 | 20% |
Researcher | 33 | 17% |
Student > Master | 27 | 14% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 18 | 9% |
Student > Bachelor | 16 | 8% |
Other | 39 | 20% |
Unknown | 27 | 14% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 61 | 31% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 35 | 18% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 18 | 9% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 15 | 8% |
Physics and Astronomy | 10 | 5% |
Other | 17 | 9% |
Unknown | 43 | 22% |