The burden of prostate cancer in North Africa and Middle East, 1990–2019: Findings from the global burden of disease study

Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Negar Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, GBD 2019 NAME Prostate Cancer Collaborators, Erfan Amini, Ali H. Mokdad, Hamidreza Jamshidi, Mohsen Naghavi, Bagher Larijani, Farshad Farzadfar, Behzad Abbasi, Hassan Abidi, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Hamed Akhavizadegan, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Yousef Alimohamadi, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Omar Almidani, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Sina Azadnajafabad, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nader Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Ali Bijani, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Ahmad Daryani, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Ali Fatehizadeh, Masood Fereidoonnezhad, Masoud Foroutan, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Samer Hamidi, Shafiul Haque, Khezar Hayat, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mowafa Househ, Elham Jamshidi, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Farahnaz Joukar, Ali Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Amirali Karimi, Yousef Saleh Khader, Javad Khanali, Behzad Kiani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Somayeh Livani, Farzan Madadizadeh, Ahmad R. Mafi, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Keivan Majidzadeh-A, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Seyed Farzad Maroufi, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Yousef Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Saeed Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Sara Momtazmanesh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Mohammadreza Naghipour, Zuhair S. Natto, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Maryam Noori, Ali Nowroozi, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Reza Pakzad, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Faheem Hyder Pottoo, Alireza Rafiei, Vahid Rahmanian, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Mohsen Rezaeian, Umar Saeed, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Abdallah M. Samy, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Brijesh Sathian, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Saeed Shahabi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Reza Shirkoohi, Parnian Shobeiri, Muhammad Suleman, Amir Tiyuri, Irfan Ullah, Faezeh Vakhshiteh, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Deniz Yuce, Mazyar Zahir, Maryam Zamanian, Iman Zare, Mohammad Zoladl

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most prevalent cancer among men worldwide. This study presents estimates of PCa prevalence, incidence, death, years-of-life-lost (YLLs), years-lived-with-disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted-life-years (DALYs), and the burden attributable to smoking during 1990-2019 in North Africa and Middle East using data of Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) Study 2019. This study is a part of GBD 2019. Using vital registration and cancer registry data, the estimates on PCa burden were modeled. Risk factor analysis was performed through the six-step conceptual framework of Comparative Risk Assessment. The age-standardized rates (95% UI) of PCa incidence, prevalence, and death in 2019 were 23.7 (18.5-27.9), 161.1 (126.6-187.6), and 11.7 (9.4-13.9) per 100,000 population. While PCa incidence and prevalence increased by 77% and 144% during 1990-2019, respectively, the death rate stagnated. Of the 397% increase in PCa new cases, 234% was due to a rise in the age-specific incidence rate, 79% due to population growth, and 84% due to population aging. The YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs of PCa increased by 2% (-11.8-23.1), 108% (75.5-155.1), and 6% (-8.9-28.1). The death rate and DALYs rate attributable to smoking have decreased 12% and 10%, respectively. The DALYs rate attributable to smoking was 37.4 (15.9-67.8) in Lebanon and 5.9 (2.5-10.6) in Saudi Arabia, which were the highest and lowest in the region, respectively. The PCa incidence and prevalence rates increased during 1990-2019; however, the death rate stagnated. The increase in the incidence was mostly due to the rise in the age-specific incidence rate, rather than population growth or aging. The burden of PCa attributable to smoking has decreased in the past 30 years.