Title |
Cronobacter Species Contamination of Powdered Infant Formula and the Implications for Neonatal Health
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in Pediatrics, July 2015
|
DOI | 10.3389/fped.2015.00056 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Gautam Kalyantanda, Lyudmila Shumyak, Lennox Kenneth Archibald |
Abstract |
Cronobacter is a class of Enterobacteriaceae that cause infections in neonates, especially those born prematurely. Over 90% of these infections have been linked epidemiologically to powdered infant formula (PIF). Contamination of PIF can occur at manufacture, reconstitution, or storage of reconstituted product. Intrinsic properties that enable Cronobacter to cause disease include resistance to heat, ultraviolet radiation, oxygen radicals, stomach acids, and pasteurization; an ability to utilize sialic acid (a nutrition additive to PIF that facilitates the organism's growth and survival), and an exceptional affinity for biofilms in enteral feeding tubes. As part of ongoing endeavors to reduce the incidence of neonatal PIF-associated Cronobacter infections, the World Health Organization and the US Food and Drug Administration have established guidelines for PIF production, preparation for infant feeding, and storage of reconstituted product. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Argentina | 1 | 17% |
Switzerland | 1 | 17% |
Unknown | 4 | 67% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 4 | 67% |
Scientists | 1 | 17% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 17% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Brazil | 1 | 1% |
Unknown | 89 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Bachelor | 18 | 20% |
Student > Master | 14 | 16% |
Researcher | 6 | 7% |
Other | 4 | 4% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 4 | 4% |
Other | 15 | 17% |
Unknown | 29 | 32% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 22 | 24% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 7 | 8% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 7 | 8% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 4 | 4% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 3 | 3% |
Other | 15 | 17% |
Unknown | 32 | 36% |