Title |
Immune Checkpoint in Glioblastoma: Promising and Challenging
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in Pharmacology, May 2017
|
DOI | 10.3389/fphar.2017.00242 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Jing Huang, Fangkun Liu, Zhixiong Liu, Hui Tang, Haishan Wu, Qianni Gong, Jindong Chen |
Abstract |
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a severe malignant brain cancer with poor overall survival. Conventional intervention remains dismal to prevent recurrence and deterioration of GBM cell. Recent years have witnessed exciting breakthroughs in novel immune strategies, especially checkpoint inhibitors, some of which have become adjuvant setting after standard of care in melanoma. Several clinical trials of checkpoint inhibitors are ongoing in glioblastoma and other brain carcinomas. Plus, synergistic combinations of checkpoint inhibitors with conventional therapy strategies-radiotherapy, temozolomide, bevacizumab, and corticosteroids are now being exploited and applied in clinical settings. This review highlights the recent developments of checkpoints in GBM immunotherapy to provide a brief and comprehensive review of current treatment options. Furthermore, we will discuss challenges remained, such as unique immune system of central nervous system (CNS), immune-related toxicities, synergies, and adverse interactions of combination therapies. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Portugal | 1 | 33% |
Switzerland | 1 | 33% |
Unknown | 1 | 33% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 3 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 186 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 30 | 16% |
Researcher | 27 | 15% |
Student > Bachelor | 24 | 13% |
Student > Master | 21 | 11% |
Other | 13 | 7% |
Other | 23 | 12% |
Unknown | 48 | 26% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 35 | 19% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 32 | 17% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 17 | 9% |
Neuroscience | 17 | 9% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 11 | 6% |
Other | 22 | 12% |
Unknown | 52 | 28% |