Title |
Reduced Dietary Sodium Intake Increases Heart Rate. A Meta-Analysis of 63 Randomized Controlled Trials Including 72 Study Populations
|
---|---|
Published in |
Frontiers in Physiology, March 2016
|
DOI | 10.3389/fphys.2016.00111 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Niels A. Graudal, Thorbjørn Hubeck-Graudal, Gesche Jürgens |
Abstract |
Reduced dietary sodium intake (sodium reduction) increases heart rate in some studies of animals and humans. As heart rate is independently associated with the development of heart failure and increased risk of premature death a potential increase in heart rate could be a harmful side-effect of sodium reduction. The purpose of the present meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of sodium reduction on heart rate. Relevant studies were retrieved from an updated pool of 176 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in the period 1973-2014. Sixty-three of the RCTs including 72 study populations reported data on heart rate. In a meta-analysis of these data sodium reduction increased heart rate with 1.65 beats per minute [95% CI: 1.19, 2.11], p < 0.00001, corresponding to 2.4% of the baseline heart rate. This effect was independent of baseline blood pressure. In conclusion sodium reduction increases heart rate by as much (2.4%) as it decreases blood pressure (2.5%). This side-effect, which may cause harmful health effects, contributes to the need for a revision of the present dietary guidelines. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 11 | 21% |
United Kingdom | 7 | 13% |
Canada | 6 | 11% |
Australia | 3 | 6% |
India | 1 | 2% |
Thailand | 1 | 2% |
Georgia | 1 | 2% |
South Africa | 1 | 2% |
Japan | 1 | 2% |
Other | 2 | 4% |
Unknown | 19 | 36% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 40 | 75% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 11 | 21% |
Scientists | 2 | 4% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 162 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Doctoral Student | 35 | 22% |
Student > Bachelor | 23 | 14% |
Professor | 11 | 7% |
Other | 9 | 6% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 7 | 4% |
Other | 23 | 14% |
Unknown | 54 | 33% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 35 | 22% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 24 | 15% |
Computer Science | 6 | 4% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 6 | 4% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 5 | 3% |
Other | 20 | 12% |
Unknown | 66 | 41% |