Title |
Apolipophorin-III Acts as a Positive Regulator of Plasmodium Development in Anopheles stephensi
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Published in |
Frontiers in Physiology, April 2017
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DOI | 10.3389/fphys.2017.00185 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Rini Dhawan, Kuldeep Gupta, Mithilesh Kajla, Parik Kakani, Tania P. Choudhury, Sanjeev Kumar, Vikas Kumar, Lalita Gupta |
Abstract |
Apolipophorin III (ApoLp-III) is a well-known hemolymph protein having a functional role in lipid transport and immune responses of insects. Here we report the molecular and functional characterization of Anopheles stephensi Apolipophorin-III (AsApoLp-III) gene. This gene consists of 679 nucleotides arranged into two exons of 45 and 540 bp that give an ORF encoding 194 amino acid residues. Excluding a putative signal peptide of the first 19 amino acid residues, the 175-residues in mature AsApoLp-III protein has a calculated molecular mass of 22 kDa. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the divergence of mosquitoes (Order Diptera) ApoLp-III from their counterparts in moths (Order: Lepidoptera). Also, it revealed a close relatedness of AsApoLp-III to ApoLp-III of An. gambiae. AsApoLp-III mRNA expression is strongly induced in Plasmodium berghei infected mosquito midguts suggesting its crucial role in parasite development. AsApoLp-III silencing decreased P. berghei oocysts numbers by 7.7 fold against controls. These effects might be due to the interruption of AsApoLp-III mediated lipid delivery to the developing oocysts. In addition, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), an antiplasmodial gene, is also highly induced in AsApoLp-III silenced midguts suggesting that this gene acts like an agonist and protects Plasmodium against the mosquito immunity. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Germany | 1 | 14% |
Switzerland | 1 | 14% |
Unknown | 5 | 71% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 7 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Unknown | 31 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Ph. D. Student | 7 | 23% |
Researcher | 6 | 19% |
Student > Bachelor | 2 | 6% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 2 | 6% |
Student > Postgraduate | 2 | 6% |
Other | 6 | 19% |
Unknown | 6 | 19% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 10 | 32% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 5 | 16% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 4 | 13% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 1 | 3% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 1 | 3% |
Other | 0 | 0% |
Unknown | 10 | 32% |