Title |
Illusions of causality: how they bias our everyday thinking and how they could be reduced
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in Psychology, July 2015
|
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00888 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Helena Matute, Fernando Blanco, Ion Yarritu, Marcos Díaz-Lago, Miguel A. Vadillo, Itxaso Barberia |
Abstract |
Illusions of causality occur when people develop the belief that there is a causal connection between two events that are actually unrelated. Such illusions have been proposed to underlie pseudoscience and superstitious thinking, sometimes leading to disastrous consequences in relation to critical life areas, such as health, finances, and wellbeing. Like optical illusions, they can occur for anyone under well-known conditions. Scientific thinking is the best possible safeguard against them, but it does not come intuitively and needs to be taught. Teaching how to think scientifically should benefit from better understanding of the illusion of causality. In this article, we review experiments that our group has conducted on the illusion of causality during the last 20 years. We discuss how research on the illusion of causality can contribute to the teaching of scientific thinking and how scientific thinking can reduce illusion. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Canada | 23 | 17% |
United States | 16 | 12% |
Spain | 12 | 9% |
United Kingdom | 9 | 7% |
Australia | 2 | 1% |
Argentina | 2 | 1% |
Belgium | 1 | <1% |
Denmark | 1 | <1% |
Brazil | 1 | <1% |
Other | 13 | 10% |
Unknown | 55 | 41% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 91 | 67% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 24 | 18% |
Scientists | 17 | 13% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 3 | 2% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
France | 2 | <1% |
Malaysia | 1 | <1% |
Chile | 1 | <1% |
Belgium | 1 | <1% |
Spain | 1 | <1% |
Japan | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 223 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 38 | 17% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 30 | 13% |
Student > Master | 23 | 10% |
Researcher | 20 | 9% |
Lecturer | 16 | 7% |
Other | 58 | 25% |
Unknown | 45 | 20% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Psychology | 75 | 33% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 15 | 7% |
Social Sciences | 12 | 5% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 10 | 4% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 10 | 4% |
Other | 55 | 24% |
Unknown | 53 | 23% |