Title |
Are Some Countries More Honest than Others? Evidence from a Tax Compliance Experiment in Sweden and Italy
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in Psychology, April 2016
|
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00472 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Giulia Andrighetto, Nan Zhang, Stefania Ottone, Ferruccio Ponzano, John D'Attoma, Sven Steinmo |
Abstract |
This study examines cultural differences in ordinary dishonesty between Italy and Sweden, two countries with different reputations for trustworthiness and probity. Exploiting a set of cross-cultural tax compliance experiments, we find that the average level of tax evasion (as a measure of ordinary dishonesty) does not differ significantly between Swedes and Italians. However, we also uncover differences in national "styles" of dishonesty. Specifically, while Swedes are more likely to be either completely honest or completely dishonest in their fiscal declarations, Italians are more prone to fudging (i.e., cheating by a small amount). We discuss the implications of these findings for the evolution and enforcement of honesty norms. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 11 | 22% |
United Kingdom | 4 | 8% |
Switzerland | 2 | 4% |
Italy | 2 | 4% |
Sweden | 2 | 4% |
Mexico | 1 | 2% |
Argentina | 1 | 2% |
Luxembourg | 1 | 2% |
Norway | 1 | 2% |
Other | 8 | 16% |
Unknown | 17 | 34% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 41 | 82% |
Scientists | 6 | 12% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 2 | 4% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 2% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Italy | 2 | 2% |
Australia | 1 | <1% |
Brazil | 1 | <1% |
Singapore | 1 | <1% |
Spain | 1 | <1% |
Luxembourg | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 115 | 94% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 29 | 24% |
Student > Master | 14 | 11% |
Researcher | 10 | 8% |
Lecturer | 6 | 5% |
Student > Bachelor | 6 | 5% |
Other | 24 | 20% |
Unknown | 33 | 27% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Economics, Econometrics and Finance | 24 | 20% |
Business, Management and Accounting | 22 | 18% |
Social Sciences | 15 | 12% |
Psychology | 11 | 9% |
Decision Sciences | 2 | 2% |
Other | 8 | 7% |
Unknown | 40 | 33% |