| Title |
Sex Differences in Personality Traits and Gender-Related Occupational Preferences across 53 Nations: Testing Evolutionary and Social-Environmental Theories
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Archives of Sexual Behavior, August 2008
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s10508-008-9380-7 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Richard A. Lippa |
| Abstract |
Using data from over 200,000 participants from 53 nations, I examined the cross-cultural consistency of sex differences for four traits: extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, and male-versus-female-typical occupational preferences. Across nations, men and women differed significantly on all four traits (mean ds = -.15, -.56, -.41, and 1.40, respectively, with negative values indicating women scoring higher). The strongest evidence for sex differences in SDs was for extraversion (women more variable) and for agreeableness (men more variable). United Nations indices of gender equality and economic development were associated with larger sex differences in agreeableness, but not with sex differences in other traits. Gender equality and economic development were negatively associated with mean national levels of neuroticism, suggesting that economic stress was associated with higher neuroticism. Regression analyses explored the power of sex, gender equality, and their interaction to predict men's and women's 106 national trait means for each of the four traits. Only sex predicted means for all four traits, and sex predicted trait means much more strongly than did gender equality or the interaction between sex and gender equality. These results suggest that biological factors may contribute to sex differences in personality and that culture plays a negligible to small role in moderating sex differences in personality. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 420 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 50 | 12% |
| Thailand | 20 | 5% |
| United Kingdom | 18 | 4% |
| Canada | 9 | 2% |
| Australia | 8 | 2% |
| Sweden | 7 | 2% |
| Spain | 6 | 1% |
| Germany | 3 | <1% |
| Czechia | 3 | <1% |
| Other | 46 | 11% |
| Unknown | 250 | 60% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 383 | 91% |
| Scientists | 16 | 4% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 11 | 3% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 8 | 2% |
| Unknown | 2 | <1% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 288 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 4 | 1% |
| United Kingdom | 2 | <1% |
| France | 1 | <1% |
| Sweden | 1 | <1% |
| Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
| Czechia | 1 | <1% |
| Canada | 1 | <1% |
| Luxembourg | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 276 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Bachelor | 54 | 19% |
| Student > Master | 50 | 17% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 45 | 16% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 24 | 8% |
| Researcher | 22 | 8% |
| Other | 48 | 17% |
| Unknown | 45 | 16% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Psychology | 137 | 48% |
| Social Sciences | 25 | 9% |
| Economics, Econometrics and Finance | 12 | 4% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 10 | 3% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 8 | 3% |
| Other | 42 | 15% |
| Unknown | 54 | 19% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 386. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 04 October 2023.
All research outputs
#81,506
of 25,789,020 outputs
Outputs from Archives of Sexual Behavior
#54
of 3,784 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#120
of 95,196 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Archives of Sexual Behavior
#1
of 9 outputs
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