| Title |
Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Review
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Current Psychiatry Reports, March 2018
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s11920-018-0874-2 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Sarah L. Ferri, Ted Abel, Edward S. Brodkin |
| Abstract |
Neurodevelopmental disorders disproportionately affect males. The mechanisms underlying male vulnerability or female protection are not known and remain understudied. Determining the processes involved is crucial to understanding the etiology and advancing treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we review current findings and theories that contribute to male preponderance of neurodevelopmental disorders, with a focus on autism. Recent work on the biological basis of the male preponderance of autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders includes discussion of a higher genetic burden in females and sex-specific gene mutations or epigenetic changes that differentially confer risk to males or protection to females. Other mechanisms discussed are sex chromosome and sex hormone involvement. Specifically, fetal testosterone is involved in many aspects of development and may interact with neurotransmitter, neuropeptide, or immune pathways to contribute to male vulnerability. Finally, the possibilities of female underdiagnosis and a multi-hit hypothesis are discussed. This review highlights current theories of male bias in developmental disorders. Topics include environmental, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms; theories of sex chromosomes, hormones, neuroendocrine, and immune function; underdiagnosis of females; and a multi-hit hypothesis. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 13 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 2 | 15% |
| Unknown | 11 | 85% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 11 | 85% |
| Scientists | 2 | 15% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 397 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 397 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Bachelor | 56 | 14% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 45 | 11% |
| Student > Master | 42 | 11% |
| Researcher | 34 | 9% |
| Other | 20 | 5% |
| Other | 60 | 15% |
| Unknown | 140 | 35% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Psychology | 67 | 17% |
| Neuroscience | 56 | 14% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 30 | 8% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 26 | 7% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 15 | 4% |
| Other | 46 | 12% |
| Unknown | 157 | 40% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 13. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 14 October 2023.
All research outputs
#2,850,442
of 25,528,120 outputs
Outputs from Current Psychiatry Reports
#336
of 1,286 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#58,217
of 347,773 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Current Psychiatry Reports
#8
of 32 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,528,120 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done well and is in the 88th percentile: it's in the top 25% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 1,286 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 21.3. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 73% of its peers.
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We're also able to compare this research output to 32 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done well, scoring higher than 78% of its contemporaries.