The progression of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease and their contribution to motor disability and quality of life

Angelo Antonini, Paolo Barone, Roberto Marconi, Letterio Morgante, Salvatore Zappulla, Francesco Ernesto Pontieri, Silvia Ramat, Maria Gabriella Ceravolo, Giuseppe Meco, Giulio Cicarelli, Massimo Pederzoli, Michela Manfredi, Roberto Ceravolo, Marco Mucchiut, Giampiero Volpe, Giovanni Abbruzzese, Edo Bottacchi, Luigi Bartolomei, Giuseppe Ciacci, Antonino Cannas, Maria Giovanna Randisi, Alfredo Petrone, Mario Baratti, Vincenzo Toni, Giovanni Cossu, Paolo Del Dotto, Anna Rita Bentivoglio, Michele Abrignani, Rossana Scala, Franco Pennisi, Rocco Quatrale, Rosa Maria Gaglio, Alessandra Nicoletti, Michele Perini, Tania Avarello, Antonio Pisani, Augusto Scaglioni, Paolo Emilio Martinelli, Francesco Iemolo, Laura Ferigo, Pasqualino Simone, Paola Soliveri, Biagio Troianiello, Domenico Consoli, Alessandro Mauro, Leonardo Lopiano, Giuseppe Nastasi, Carlo Colosimo

Non-motor symptoms are gaining relevance in Parkinson's disease (PD) management but little is known about their progression and contribution to deterioration of quality of life. We followed prospectively 707 PD patients (62 % males) for 2 years. We assessed non-motor symptoms referred to 12 different domains, each including 1-10 specific symptoms, as well as motor state (UPDRS), general cognition, and life quality. Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) stage was used to categorize patient status (I-II mild; III moderate; IV-V severe). We found that individual non-motor symptoms had variable evolution over the 2-year follow-up with sleep, gastrointestinal, attention/memory and skin disturbances (hyperhidrosis and seborrhea) becoming more prevalent and psychiatric, cardiovascular, and respiratory disorders becoming less prevalent. Development of symptoms in the cardiovascular, apathy, urinary, psychiatric, and fatigue domains was associated with significant life-quality worsening (p < 0.0045, alpha with Bonferroni correction). During the observation period, 123 patients (17 %) worsened clinically while 584 were rated as stable. There was a fivefold greater increase in UPDRS motor score in worse compared with stable patients over 24 months (p < 0.0001 vs. baseline both in stable and worse group). The total number of reported non-motor symptoms increased over 24 months in patients with motor worsening compared to stable ones (p < 0.001). Thirty-nine patients died (3.4 % of patients evaluable at baseline) with mean age at death of 74 years. Deceased patients were older, had significantly higher H&Y stage and motor score, and reported a greater number of non-motor symptoms at baseline. In conclusion, overall non-motor symptom progression does not follow motor deterioration, is symptom-specific, and only development of specific domains negatively impacts quality of life. These results have consequences for drug studies targeting non-motor features.