Title |
Laser-based standoff detection of explosives: a critical review
|
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Published in |
Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry, May 2009
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DOI | 10.1007/s00216-009-2844-3 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Sara Wallin, Anna Pettersson, Henric Östmark, Alison Hobro |
Abstract |
A review of standoff detection technologies for explosives has been made. The review is focused on trace detection methods (methods aiming to detect traces from handling explosives or the vapours surrounding an explosive charge due to the vapour pressure of the explosive) rather than bulk detection methods (methods aiming to detect the bulk explosive charge). The requirements for standoff detection technologies are discussed. The technologies discussed are mostly laser-based trace detection technologies, such as laser-induced-breakdown spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, laser-induced-fluorescence spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy but the bulk detection technologies millimetre wave imaging and terahertz spectroscopy are also discussed as a complement to the laser-based methods. The review includes novel techniques, not yet tested in realistic environments, more mature technologies which have been tested outdoors in realistic environments as well as the most mature millimetre wave imaging technique. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Italy | 2 | 1% |
Canada | 2 | 1% |
Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
India | 1 | <1% |
Austria | 1 | <1% |
Japan | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 171 | 94% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 51 | 28% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 49 | 27% |
Student > Master | 21 | 12% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 12 | 7% |
Professor > Associate Professor | 6 | 3% |
Other | 21 | 12% |
Unknown | 21 | 12% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Physics and Astronomy | 64 | 35% |
Chemistry | 38 | 21% |
Engineering | 29 | 16% |
Materials Science | 6 | 3% |
Chemical Engineering | 5 | 3% |
Other | 15 | 8% |
Unknown | 24 | 13% |